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If we shall not be able to overcome erroneous Albert Einstein's views about time dilation
and impossibility to exceed the speed of light in vacuum, which were canonized by his
contemporaries as absolute truth, the Earth civilization will be threatened with death,
like any complicated system incapable for further development.
Why these views are errenous, it was shown in the "Abstract" and why
it can happen so, that we shall not be able to overcome them, it will be shown in the
"Warnings".
Warnings!
To forewarn a reader against a hurry in judgement of the new theory,
some known opinions about estimation of the newest hypotheses are given below.
Ju. A. Schroder (From a paper in magazine
"Chemistry and life" (in Russian), 1978, No. 2, pages 3 - 10)
"The
triumphs of science have generated something close to an idolisation of science. All
presented from its name was perceived as absolute truth.
As soon as we
get used to consider, that science orders something to us, as soon as we do absolutise its
particular achievements, we betray the science. We dogmatise it, and then it obtains
outlines of a stiffened myth ".
I. Ye. Tamm (From a paper in magazine "Science and life " (in Russian),
1967, No. 1, page 7 - 15)
"At the end
of the past and in the beginning of this century the notion was widely spread that we
already have learnt the basic laws of the nature, and it is necessary only to apply them
to new phenomena. Even such large physicist, as Kelvin, in the speech dated for the
beginning of our century, sympathised with the subsequent generations of physicists, by
telling that nothing essential did remain on their share. To say the truth, he has
exhibited insight, by specifying that on clear horizon of physics there were only two
small clouds: one was bound with Michelson's experiment and another - with equilibrium
thermal radiation of light. From one "cloud" the theory of relativity soon has
grown, and from another - the quantum theory.
On experience of
these new, revolutionary theories we have understood that the advancement of science has
no limit. The essence consists in the fact that our concepts and notions are not given a
priori, but grow out of the analysis, they are quintessence of human experience. Such
analysis allows us to create concepts and notions, theories adequate to a circle of
phenomena known for us. But each time, when we penetrate in essentially new area of
physical phenomena, whether it be an area of very high velocities (special theory of
relativity and cosmology) or microcosm, world of atoms and fundamental particles (quantum
theory), we should cardinally change the usual concepts and notions.
Recently among
physicists a sensation becomes more and more explicit that we are on the eve of
fundamental revolution in the theory, which will result in not less serious revision of
ideas and concepts, than it was made by the theory of relativity and the quantum
theory."
A B. Migdal
(From a paper in magazine "Science and life" (in Russian),
1982, No. 1, pages 60 - 67)
"Problems of science lie on a boundary between known things and unexpected things.
Hence, one of its main features is openness to new things, ability to revise customary
ideas and, if it is necessary, to refuse them.
The science is
formed by the facts, relation between them and explanation of these relations. The
facts and relations should be honoured as the criminal Code. The well proved facts are
invariable, the relations are only improved with an advancement of science. But
explanations of the facts and relations, that is, ideas based on a consciously simplified
picture of a phenomenon, must not be absolutised. The ideas, or models, are improved and
are changed after each discovery.
In order to
establish truth, it is necessary to carry out scientific experiment, that is an experiment
performed by experts. The experiment, which gives results that can be reproduced and
confirmed by independent experience of other contributors.
Any general idea
gains value, only if it is confirmed by scientific arguments, and the honour of discovery
belongs to the one who promoted transmutation of this idea into the proved true.
The laws in
experimental sciences, unlike mathematics, are valid with this or that probability and
with this or that precision.
A goal of
science is to select the most plausible explanations and to adhere to them as long as
experience or theory will not force to refuse from that explanation."
M. V. Volkenstein (From a paper in magazine "Priroda" (in Russian), 1983,
No. 11, pages 96 - 101)
"The
Novelty in science always means discovery of new phenomena, build-up of new hypotheses
and theories explaining and predicting the experimental facts better and deeper, than
preceding theories."
K. E. Tsiolkovsky (From a paper in magazine "Inventor and
rationalizer" (in Russian), 1980, No. 3, pages 32 - 34):
"We
are disturbed by tragic destiny of great thinkers, we condemn our ancestors who have
poisoned Sokrates, executed Lavuazje, burnt D. Bruno, imprisoned Galileo etc. We feel like
considering them awful criminals and we are ready in a broil of indignation to tear them
into pieces or to promise them eternal posthumous fire and brimstone, whereas we do the
same, but we do not take any note to our criminal acts. We must not become exasperated,
and it will be better to find reasons of this phenomenon, which is unprofitable to us, to
eliminate them and to be on the guard in order to avoid recurrence of historical errors.
If a poor
and unknown man will tell a truth, he will not be listened and his words will be
immediately forgotten. Those, who are more cunning, will borrow an idea of a poor man and
will even forget that the idea does not belong to them.
If an accredited
authority will tell something rash, thoughtless and even silly thing, he will be listened
with attention, his statement will be printed and will be discussed seriously. If
everybody speaks about something and asserts something, than there is a probability to
consider this something to be a truth (the voice of the people is the voice of God). If
somebody (a minister, a professor) has got promotion by the chiefs, we consider that it
was done not without reason. There is also probability to trust into printed matter,
because there is less lie in books, than in words. But how easy it is to make an error.
Only reason and science must be trusted.
The old
hypotheses are continually rejected, and the science is improved. And always the
scientists counteract this process to the utmost, because they lose and suffer from such a
change most of all.
Let us take an
example: new spelling. Everyone considered himself educated and competent, and others,
ordinary people, were considered illiterate. The innovation has made an inverse. It is so
insulting, in particular to inertial people and old men! The refutation of some false
discovery is even burdensomer.
Let us presume that an experiment has refused relativity hypothesis
(Einstein). How much labour was lost by scientists for its learning, how many students
have puzzled their brains to understand it, and suddenly it appeared to be a nonsense. It
is either humiliating and looks like a loss of a treasure-trove. How much pride there was
before others, who were not familiar with the theory, - and everything has perished. One
has only to bow his head and to grudge bitterly for the lost time. It cannot be pleasant!
Those
things, to what we got used for a long time, seem to be true. In our brains the relevant
nerves and deferents are formed, which are very constant and are uneasily replaced by new
ones, expressing unusual ideas. In the years of maturity the elimination of old ideas
and the birth of new ideas are very difficult and this process is accompanied by
sufferings stimulating indignation against the innovator. And the more is the age, the
sharper is this phenomenon. That is the reason, owing to which the established
authorities, who became old, with covert rage negate all young, new things, which are not
consent with their dogmatized ideas. The feeble educabillity, overfatigue (upcoming
to many working scientists even in young years) hinders a correct estimation.
Even if a
judge is educable, knowing and equitable, it also sometimes does not help. Really, a
new idea, invention is known well only to an innovator, who has donated, may be, his whole
life and all his uncommon energy, what, certainly, cannot be done by a man with general
extensive knowledge. He is not a specialist in a new affair, and only the inventor is a
specialist in this affair. That is almost inevitable reason of an error.
We even do not
speak about other, less excusable, brakes of education: competition, envy generally, envy
professional, class pride etc. We do not speak also about predilections of different kind:
friendly, blood relative, sexual, national, religious, patriotic etc.
Owing to these
and other reasons an idea, even most fruitful, perishes more often than not, not having
achieved recognising and realisation. At best a good idea is braked and is delayed on tens
and hundreds of years, depending upon circumstances.
A. Patsuk
(From a paper in magazine
"Chemistry and life" (in Russian), 1982, No. 10, pages 84 - 85):
"Unknown things are regenerated into known things any otherwise than through an
intermediate state - hypothesis, which can be confirmed or refuted only after a long time,
only in a furnace of historical practice. And this, certainly, is impossible without
publication of hypotheses, without their approbation. As the hypotheses are frequently
indistinguishable at first glance from mad delirium, their publication encounters
insuperable difficulties even for many professional scientists, dilettantes (amateurs of
science) encounter difficulties of higher order.
The
well-known American organiser of manufacture Henry Ford has told: "The specialists
are harmful because they will discover deficiencies of any new idea faster than other
people and by that they will hinder its application. They are so clever and have so much
experience, that they know with great accuracy, why it is impossible to make that or
another thing; they see limits and hindrances. Therefore I do not take on service the
thoroughbred specialist. If I wanted to kill my competitors by dishonest resorts, I would
submit them hordes of specialists. Having obtained a mass of good recommendations, my
competitors could not initiate with work".
Perhaps,
these words contain not footless opinion expressed capaciously and actively, that professionalism
has historically discredited itself as the appraiser of fundamentally new ideas. It is
known, with what difficulties, with what reluctance the professional science mastered new
ideas, which are considered now as obvious trues, and how violently it protected
fallacies, which became now obvious nonsense.
Professionalism
is, perhaps, peculiar manner of thinking, special manner of perception of the material
world through its abstract-logic structure. It is considered that the higher is the degree
of identification of this structure with an objective reality, the higher is the degree of
professionalism. Consequently, every thing existing in reality, but logically not
originating from our imaginary paradigmatic idea about this thing, a professional
perceives as something not existing in reality, as something impossible, as nonsense, as
delirium. At the same time any change of the most formal-logic structure, which
outsteps the limits of its interior logic, is perceived by the professional as contortion
of the reality.
Let us,
for example, take the classical electrodynamics - the science which has reached, perhaps,
the best degree of professionalism. The logic structure of Maxwell's equations
incomprehensibly envelops all variety of actual electromagnetic life. Thus, the degree of
identification of logic structure of abstract concepts and material world, their adequacy
reaches here the highest level: the material reality and its abstract conceptual structure
are completely identified here - all really observed phenomena are originating logically
from Maxwell's equations and all phenomena, which are logically originating from them,
necessarily exist in reality. To achieve such degree of professionalism, what was achieved
by the classical electrodynamics, for many sciences is an unattainable ideal.
And now we
shall imagine, that some hypothesis having relation to the electrodynamics was sent to a
professional for estimation. The professional has the unique method to find correct
judgement about this hypothesis - to compare, to identify it with the reality, but the
reality is seen by the professional only through a prism of Maxwell's equations.
Let us
presume that the hypothesis asserts existence of a new phenomenon. The
professional, having executed a procedure of identification, gives one of two possible
inferences, either: "Yes, such phenomenon exists actually, but it is trivial,
because it is logically subsequent upon Maxwell's equations. Consequently, the offered
hypothesis is innovation of an ignoramus who did not see general in individual".
Or: "No, such phenomenon can not exist unconditionally, because its existence
contradicts the logic of Maxwell's equations. Consequently, the offered hypothesis is a
pure nonsense".
But now
let us assume, that the hypothesis concerns a new law, to which the known
electromagnetic phenomena obey. Again, having executed the procedure of identification,
the professional will answer doubly. Either so: "Yes, such law is correct, but it
is known, because it is a special case of Maxwell's equations. Consequently, the offered
hypothesis is innovation of the ignoramus, who is far from understanding of the
electrodynamics ". Or so: "No, such law does not fit the reality, because
it does not conform with Maxwell's equations. Consequently, the hypothesis, forgive me, is
again a pure absurdity".
To put it
briefly, in perception of a professional every new thing is certainly either an absurdity,
or an error of an ignoramus.
Let us
recollect a history of transmutation of the greatest of hypotheses into the greatest of
the theories - Maxwell's electrodynamics. Models and analogies, from which, according
to Maxwell, his equations assertedly followed and which assertedly proved their conformity
with the reality, seemed to Maxwell's contemporaries so chimerical, that all hypothesis as
a whole proved, softly speaking, only mental ill health of the author, and scientific
public of those days has met his article "About physical lines of force",
published in the beginning of sixties of the last century, with a polite professional
silence.
Afterwards,
after tens of years many contributors have spent a lot of time for study of Maxwell's
proofs, trying to understand, in what degree the equations named after their founder do
follow (or do not follow) from his paper. Gradually the opinion was generated, that these
efforts could remain fruitless, and the equations should be simply accepted in such a
form, in which they are written, without logic proofs. On this occasion Genrih Hertz
pronounced winged words: "Maxwell's theory is the system of Maxwell's
equations".
And it was
apparently uneasily for Hertz to utter this phrase. The matter is that namely Hertz,
aiming to prove experimentally the absurdity of Maxwell's hypothesis, has discovered
electromagnetic waves and by those he promoted to transmutation of an absurd hypothesis
into the recognised theory.
So, the
right of publication should, apparently, be given only to that part of all hypotheses,
which basically are possible for comparing, for identification with the reality by means
of experiment, observation, experience, practice.
Namely in this
sense of word the famous Newton's phrase: "I do not fabricate hypotheses!"
becomes clear.
V. V. Nalimov (From a paper in magazine "Chemistry and life" (in Russian),
1978, No. 1, pages 43 - 49)
"The
science is arranged so, that today those things become scientific that yesterday were
unscientific. It is easy to be convinced that the brightest and fruitful scientific
hypotheses at the moment of their occurrence call desperate resistance in scientific
medium.
Only those
hypotheses become scientific, which can be put under conditions of risk at checkout.
The growth
of science is not only accumulation of knowledge, but also incessant overestimation of
accumulated ideas - creation of new hypotheses refuting previous. But then the scientific
progress is neither more nor less than a consequent process of destroying the before
existing ignorance. Continually old ignorance is destroyed by build-up of new and
stronger ignorance, to destroy which in its turn becomes more and more difficult as time
goes on.
May be the
physics has reached now such state, especially the theory of fundamental particles. The
yesterday's concepts appear to be insufficient either for deep understanding of new
experimental material, or for prediction of new effects. At the same time these concepts
are strong enough to counter their revolutionary change.
And
now involuntarily it would be desirable to set a problem: whether a loss of some cultures,
say Egyptian, and the degradation of formerly high-power currents of thought, for example
old Indian, have occurred because they have achieved such level of ignorance, which did
not give any possibility to be destroyed."
Afterword
All
changes in the world at the end of the XX century are objectively conditioned by
spontaneous process of painful search by the humanity for a new ideology, which could
allow the humanity to perform further active development. Inconscient aspiration to get
off from all dogmas has already resulted in downfall of a lot of authorities from pedestal
of infallibility. Even such superpower as USSR has disappeared in the mists of time.
But
erroneous views of Albert Einstein, which were canonised by his contemporaries as absolute
truth, continue to rain over the minds of people notwithstanding the fact that such views
are already disproved by experiments. Although for final check of the new theory we do not
require any considerable expenses.
The new
space-time relativistic theory was developed to 1980. All attempts to obtain a positive
comment from official physics were effectless. All readers (academisions, doctors of
physics, as well as post-graduates) protested against the new theory approximately
in such a way: "If Einstein's special relativity theory was wrong, than particles
accelerators should not operate properly. The author hopes in vain that he has discovered
something useful for theory or practice".
The new
method of nuclear fusion by high-energy electrons "The source of particles-catalysts
for low-temperature nuclear fusion reaction" was claimed as an expected invention to
the USSR Institute of state patent expertise in 1989 (claim No. 4700169/25-061072 dated
28.04.89). But it was refused because of "absence in Physics Encyclopaedia of any
data about generation of muons in electron beams of such low energy".
Some time
ago physicists were convinced that any new idea should be crazy enough in order to become
worthy for scientific society attention. The new space-time relativistic theory, as we can
guess, seemed too crazy for all readers. Evidently because a supposition that any
affirmation of the very Albert Einstein (recognised physics genius for all times and for
all nations) could be erroneous seemed and continue to seem to all professional physicists
as the most crazy idea .
One
of physicists said some time ago that new truths in science get win not in such a way that
their opponents acknowledge their mistakes, but in such a way that these opponents
gradually die off and young physicists acquire new truths at once. But how can young
physicists know about new hypotheses, if they are not allowed to publication? And
how many generations of physicists must die in order the following generation will not
consider crazy the idea that some affirmations of the very Albert Einstein could be
erroneous? And are we sure that losses caused by such dyeing out will not become
irreversible for human civilisation?
All said above forces the author to apply to the public with an attempt of
familiarisation with the new space-time theory.
Anatoly V. Mamaev
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