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"The scientific progress is a process of
destroying the before existing ignorance by build-up of new and stronger ignorance, to
destroy which in its turn becomes more and more difficult as time goes on. A loss of some
cultures, say Egyptian, and degradation of formerly high-power currents of thought, for
example old Indian, have occurred, may be, because they have achieved such level of
ignorance, which did not give any possibility to be destroyed. May be the physics has
reached now such state. The yesterday's concepts of physics appear to be insufficient
either for deep understanding of new experimental material, or for prediction of new
effects. At the same time these concepts are strong enough to counter their revolutionary
change". V. V. Nalimov
Because of
our inability to destroy the level of ignorance, which we have achieved thanks to giants
of thought of past years, and inability to overcome errenous views of Albert
Einstein about time dilation and impossibility to exceed the speed of light in vacuum,
which were canonised by his contemporaries as absolute truth, a downfall threatens also to
the present civilisation as to any complicated system not able to further development,
does not it? Really, the inability to overcome dogmas in theory results for practice
in stagnation, degradation and ruin.
Why these
views are errenous, it will be shown in the "Abstract" and why it
can happen so, that we shall not be able to overcome them, it will be shown in the
"Warnings". |
Abstract
The new space - time relativity theory (NSTRT) provides a possibility:
1) To solve a problem of future energy crisis stipulated by exhaustion
on the Earth of reserves of fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural gas).
The NSTRT offers merchantable method of nuclear synthesis catalysis by
electrons with kinetic energy less than 200 megaelectronvolt (MeV).
2) To explain surprisingly simply (only by one formula of square-law
dependence of light speed upon speed of a light source) a lot of astronomical
phenomena:
luminous arcs, cepheid variables, novas, supernovas of the I and the II types, pulsars,
object SS-433, red shift of spectrums of far stars, "relict" radiation,
Olberse's paradox, flashouts of space X-rays and gamma-rays.
3) To draw a very simple pattern of microcosm providing:
a) A solution of the known problem of muon-electron universality (see below p. 12. "Changes in the microcosm pattern that derive
from the NSTRT"),
b) The proof of absence in reality of a lot of fundamental particles,
which existence today is considered observationally proved (muons, p
-mesons, t -leptons, neutrino etc.) (see below p. 12 "Changes in the microcosm
pattern that derive from the NSTRT").
Essence of the New
Space-Time Relativistic Theory (NSTRT)
The
Nobel winner of 1958 on physics academician Igor E. Tamm on a boundary of the last
third part of the twentieth century in the paper "On a threshold of a new
theory" ("Nauka & Zhizn" (Science and life), 1967, No. 1, pages 7 - 15)
wrote:
"Recently among physicists a sensation becomes more and more
explicit, that we are on the eve of a fundamental revolution in theory, which will result
in not less serious revising of notions and concepts, than it was made by the theory of
relativity and the quantum theory".
The new space-time relativity theory (NSTRT) stated here is
namely such new fundamental theory.
The essence of the new space-time relativity theory (NSTRT) can be
described by the following.
1. New definition for the notion "time of an event"
Instead of Einstein's definition "The time of an event is
simultaneous with the event readout of clock being at rest in a place of the event"
the new definition is offered:
"The time of an event is a time interval between the time zero
moment and the moment, at which this event has taken place, equal to a product of a
readout at the event moment of a clock, which is at rest in a place of the event and which
at the zero time moment had the zero readout, on duration of a time interval being a unit
of time measurement for this clock".
The progress of electronic equipment has proved convincingly, that a
clock readout simultaneous with any event can not be a physical quantity, and is only a
dimensionless number. But "the time of an event", as well as spatial
co-ordinates of an event, should be a physical quantity.
2. Initial principle of the NSTRT
Unlike the special relativity theory (SRT), which is grounded on two
principles (the principle of relativity and the principle of independence of light speed
upon the speed of a light source), an initial principle of the NSTRT is only one principle
of relativity:
"The laws, according to which the conditions of physical systems
vary, do not depend upon which of two inertial reference frames moving each with respect
to another these changes of condition are referred to".
The principle of relativity of the NSTRT is Einstein's principle of
relativity from the special relativity theory.
3. Equations for transformation of events coordinates and time
from one inertial reference frame to another one
In the NSTRT these transformation equations look like:
a) For events happening to a body being at rest in a primed inertial reference frame:
co t' = G (cu
t - b x), x' = G (x
- b cu t), y' = y, z' = z, (1-а)
cu t = G (co
t' + b x'), x = G (x' + b co t'), y = y', z = z'; (1-b)
b) For events happening to a body being at rest in a not primed inertial reference
frame:
co t = G (cu
t' + b x'), x = G
(x' + b cu t'), y = y', z = z', (2-а)
cu t' = G (co
t - b x), x' = G (x
- b co t), y' = y, z' = z, (2-b)
wherex, y, z, t
are Cartesian coordinates and time for an event in a not primed
inertial reference frame; x', y', z', t' are Cartesian coordinates and time of the
same event in a primed inertial reference frame moving with respect to a not primed frame
of reference with speed u in a
direction of positive values of coordinate x, and t = t ' = 0,
when the point x ' = 0 coincides
spatially with a point x = 0;
G = (1 - b2)
-1/2; (3)
b = u/cu; (4)
cu = co (1 + u2/co2)1/2
(5)
is speed of light in vacuum from a
moving light source; u is speed of movement of one reference frame with
respect to another one; co = 299792458 m/s is speed of light in vacuum from a fixed light source.
New transformations provide invariance of four-dimensional
interval ds2
cu2dt2 - dx2 -
dy2 - dz2 = co2dt' 2 - dx' 2-
dy' 2-dz' 2. (6)
It is not difficult to ascertain that the metric tensor of the new
transformations is diagonal and unitary tensor like the metric tensor of the Lorentz
transformations. There is no doubt that for the right-hand side of expression (6) the
metric tensor (its determinant is g' = -1) is unitary and diagonal (gik'
= 0 at
unequal i, k = 0, 1, 2, 3; g00'
= 1, g11' = g22' = g33' = -1 at equal i, k). There is also no doubt that the metric tensor of the left-hand
side of expression (6) is a diagonal tensor
gik= 0 at
unequal i, k = 0, 1, 2, 3 and g11= g22=
g33= -1 at equal i, k. (7)
The magnitude of component g00 = 1 of the
metric tensor of the left-hand side of expression (6) we can obtain as a consequence from
the fact that the new transformations are admissible acording to Logunov, for which
the metric tensor determinant is equal to minus unity g = - 1, and taking into account
relations (7), which are evident from the appearance of the expression (6).
From unitary and diagonal properties of the
new transformations metric tensor it follows that all corollaries from new transformations
are valid not for coordinate magnitudes, but for physically measurable magnitudes.
4. Dependence of light speed upon speed of light source
The NSTRT proves that only square-law dependence (5) of speed of light
on speed of motion of a light source is in conformity with the principle of relativity and
with reality (and it is not refuted by experiments).:
The dependence (5) has two essential peculiarities:
a) At small speed values (with respect to speed of light) the
dependence of speed of light on a light source speed is very inappreciable - speed of
light depends upon the ratio of a quadrate of speed of motion of a light source to a
quadrate of speed of light from a fixed light source in vacuum. ( For example, at a source
speed of 30 km/s the light speed is only 1.5 m/s greater than co. )
b) The independence of speed of light upon a direction of motion of a
light source (whether a light source moves from us or comes nearer to us, in both cases
the speed of light is increased).
5. There is no prohibition for a motion with speed greater than speed of light in
vacuum
According to new transformations the quantity Г from expression (3) can not become imaginary number at any values
of u, even if it is
significantly greater than the speed of light in vacuum. Really, let us insert the
formula (5) of dependence of speed of light on speed of a light source into the expression
b = u/cu. We shall have b = u/(co2 + u2)1/2. In the right-hand side of this equality the denominator (co2 + u2)1/2 is always greater than numerator u and the quantity b can never become not only greater than the unity, but it never can become
even equal to the unity. Therefore, at any values of speed u the quantity b always remains smaller than
the unity, and the quantity Г = (1 - b 2)-1/2 always remains a real positive number. Besides, in
the NSTRT the principle of causality also does not apply any prohibition on a motion with
superlight speed.
6. Absence of time dilation in
moving frames of reference
According to the
first equation of transformations (1-b) for clocks being at rest in point x'
= 0 of a primed frame of reference, we have t = t', that is the readout
of a clock, being at rest in an origin of coordinates of a primed frame of reference,
always coincides with the readout of clocks of a not primed frame of reference. And it
means, that time dilation in moving frames of reference is absent.
7. Contraction
of longitudinal sizes of moving bodies
In the new
space-time theory any events, which are simultaneous in one reference frame, are not
simultaneous in another reference frame. As a consequence of this a length of a moving
body in direction of movement at its measuring from a reference frame, with respect to
which the body is moving, appears to be smaller, than a length of the same body measured
in a reference frame, with respect to which the body is at rest. The formula of dependence
of a moving body length in direction of movement upon body speed in the NSTRT is as
follows:
L = Lo/(1 + u2/co2)1/2, (8)
where Lo is the length of a body at its measuring in
that frame of reference, in which the body is at rest; L is the length of a body in
the direction of movement at its measuring from that frame of reference, with respect to
which this body is moving at a speed of u.
Namely dependence (8) of moving body length upon moving body speed
conditions the dependence (5) of light speed in vacuum upon this light source speed.
Because namely dependence (8) of moving body length conditions the relation between
volumes in two reference frames moving each with respect ot another according to the
formula
W = Wo
/ (1 + u2/co2)1/2, (9)
where Wo
is the volume of a body in the reference frame, with respect to which this body is at
rest; W is
the volume of the same body in the reference frame, with respect to which this body is
moving.
The same region
of vacuum around a moving body occupies less volume in the reference frame, with respect
to which the body is moving, than in the reference frame, with respect to which the body
is at rest. Vacuum volume around a moving body decreases. Matter density of such vacuum
increases and this causes the increase of oscillation propagation speed through this media
with increased density. The same effect explains independence of light speed upon
direction of light propagation and dependence of charge value upon charged particle speed.
8. Dependence of
charge upon speed
The most paradoxical corollary of the NSTRT is the dependence of moving
particle charge value on particle speed (the more is a particle speed, the less is this
particle charge) according to the formula
q = qo / (1 + u2/co2)1/2,
(10)
where qo is the charge value of a particle
being at rest; q is the charge value of the same moving particle; u
is the speed of the same particle.
The dependence
(10) is derived from invariance of Maxwell's equations with respect to new transformations
of coordinates and time, from which the following transformation equations of
4-dimentional current are obtained (from transformations (1a)-(1b))
cu r = G ( co r '
+ b jx' ), jx = G ( jx' + b co r ' ), jy = jy', jz = jz',
(11)
where cu = co/(1 + u2/co2)1/2;
G = (1 - b 2)-1/2; b
= u/cu ; r and r' are charge densities in a non-primed and a
primed reference frames respectively;
jx , jy , jz and jx',
jy', jz' are current densities
components in a non-primed and a primed reference frames respectively. From the
first equation of system (11) it follows, that if the current density in a primed frame of
reference is equal to zero (if jx' = 0), the
densities of charges in both reference frames are identical (r
= r '). But charge density is equal
to charge quantity, divided by volume occupied by the charge, (r
= q/W and r
' =q'/W ' ), and volume value depends upon speed according to formula W = W '/(1 + u2/co2)1/2
(see formula (9)). Thereof we have the formula (10) of dependence of charge value upon
charge speed.
9. NSTRT
and experimental facts
The
experiment, which has been carried out as far back as in 1976, was detected, in which
high-energy particles move at superlight speeds (at a speed 1.5 - 2 times greater the
speed of light in vacuum). This means that the special relativity theory is invalidated by
the experiment. This experiment is briefly described in the article "Scintillation
spectrometers on time of flight / S. A. Bunjatov, B. Zh. Zalikhanov, V. S. Kurbatov, A.
Khalbayev // Devices and technique of experiment. - 1978. -No. 1. -pp 23 - 25",
a more detailed description of this experiment there is in the preprint
of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research No. 13-10156 "Scintillation spectrometers on
time of flight // S. A. Bunjatov, B. Zh. Zalikhanov, V. S. Kurbatov, A. Khalbayev. -
Dubna, 1976, 15 pp. To say the truth, an inference about discovery of superlight
speeds was not made in the aarticle and in the preprint . Because calibration of the
time scale of equipment in this experiment was performed in an assumption, brought into
accord with Einstein's special relativity theory (SRT), that the particles having the
greatest speed in this experiment (high-energy electrons) move at a speed approximately
equal to the speed of light in vacuum.
But in these
publications there is all necessary and sufficient information for carrying out
calibration of the equipment time scale using a new calibration method irrespective
of any space-time theory. Really, for equipment used in this experiment the
following formulas are valid
B1/u - tdelay = (n1 - 1)
DT, (12)
B2/u - tdelay = (n2 - 1)
DT, (13)
where B1 is the first measuring basis (distance
between two scintillators); B2 is the second
measuring basis; u is the medial speed of particles; tdelay is
time delay in a delay line (which delays pulses from the first scintillator); n1
is a median of particles spectrum at measuring basis B1;
n2 is a median of particles spectrum at measuring basis B2;
DT is a time "price" of one
channel of a multichannel pulse-height analyser.
It is well
known, that the medial speed of particles (electrons, muons, p
-mesons) flying in vacuum through scintillators, depends on current value in an analysing
magnet installed before the first scintillator and does not depend upon a length of a
measuring basis. Therefore, by determining the value DT
from equations system (12)-(13), we shall have the equation for calculation of the
analyser channel time price irrespective of any space-time theory
DT = (B2 -
B1) tdelay/[B1(n2 - 1) - B2 (n1
- 1)]. (14)
By inserting in the formula (14) the values of all quantities obtained
in the experiment at the same current of deflection magnet, it is possible to calculate
the analyser channel time "price" regardless of any space-time theory. If
results obtained in this experiment are applied to calculation of particles speeds using
the new "time price", we shall have superlight speeds (1.5 - 2.0 times greater
the speed of light in vacuum) for all particles (electrons, muons, p-mesons),
which time-of-flight spectrums are given in the above mentioned article and preprint.
In the book it
is aalso proved that:
1) Not a single
experiment on checking the validity of Einstein's second postulate (the law of
independence of light speed upon speed of light source) does not invalidate the
existence in reality of the square-law dependence (5).
2) Astronomical
observations cconfirm the existence in reality of the square-law dependence (5) (this is
confirmed by computer simulation).
3) Electrons
with kinetic energy exceeding 0.22 MeV and protons with kinetic energy exceeding 395 MeV
move at a speed exceeding the speed of light in vacuum (a particle moves at a superlight
speed if its kinetic energy exceeds 42% of its rest mass).
4) The so called
multiplicity of particle accelerator shows how many times the speed of particles ejected
into accelerator is greater than the speed of light in vacuum.
(To be continued on the next page)
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