General device.
Figure.1 shows: internal combustion engine
- 1; elements of current flowing device
- 2 è 3; main drive shaft of the variable speed case
- 4 (attached to the shaft of the engine); bearing
- 5 (intermediate between main and secondary shaft).
- Stator 6 attached to main shaft (4) and connected
electrically to current flowing device (3), connection shown in red lines.
- Rotor 7 attached to secondary shaft 9 that rotates on
bearing 8.
- there is generator 16 attached On frame 11 besides
engine; generator is set to rotate by engine via drive belting 10.
- Tachometer .1: there is sensor 13 – optical isolator;
there is cut disc 12 attached on frame rotating between sensor and receiver.
It gages engine speed.
- Tachometer.2: there is sensor 14 on the frame; there is
cut disc 15 attached on frame rotating between sensor and receiver. It gages
rotation speed of secondary shaft
Three-phase controller PDM 17 fulfills control over power keys
(1 key – 6 key shown in fig.1). Clock rate for PDM 17 is set by managed rate
scaler (frequency synthesizer).18, figure 1. Managed rate scaler cuts frequency
that is given by reference generator 23. input-to-output frequency ratio is
specified by code given to rate scaler 18 from computer 19.
20 – on-switch, works when brake pedal is pressed.
21 – on-switch, works when throttle pedal is pressed. .
22 – shunt additional resistance is gauged, voltage
measurements.
24 – generator managed by voltage, serves for measurements of
current load in speed case chain.
25 – gear selector.
2) How speed case works.
Speed case is three-phase synchronous electric machine of
which stator 6,is attached on engine shaft 4 and rotates with engine shaft, and
rotor 7 is attached to secondary shaft 9.
Let’s take up an example: stator rotates on speed of 2000rpm,
and its windings are supplied with three-phase AC of that frequency so that the
speed of rotating magnetic field would be 2000 rpm, but has reverse direction.
At this time secondary shaft is still (we can define that as “neutral
transmission”).
Let’s increase speed of magnetic field up to 2100 rpm.
Secondary shaft, according to the interaction of magnetic fields, rotates in
reverse direction on speed of 100 rpm (reverse). Now let’s decrease speed of
magnetic fields up to 1900 rpm. Engine shaft has 200 rpm rotation, but rotor
moved by stator has 100 rpm. While the rotation speed of magnetic fields goes
down the speed of secondary shaft goes up. Once the zero speed of magnetic
fields is reached stator is supplied with impulses of DC instead of AC while
stator and rotor are both still.
At the time secondary shaft rotates at the same speed as
engine shaft (direct transmission).
While switching on reverse power supply of stator (place
change of two phases) rotating magnetic fields starts rotating in the same
direction as engine shaft. Secondary shaft speed is specified by addition of
speeds: rotation of engine flywheel and rotation of magnetic field. At this time
secondary shaft will take the lead over engine flywheel (high gear: the same as
manual gear box on 5 gear).
3) Managed rate scaler.
Managed rate scaler can consist of, for example, micro schemes
Ê1533ÈÅ10 (analog - SN74ALS161A ). They have in-puts of prewriting code, each
scales frequency into 16 parts, so 4 serially connected counters cut frequency
into 65536. Frequency of generator (for example, 50 MHz), divided into 65536 is
763 MHz. Let’s suppose that at frequency of 2 kHz PDM controller – rotation rate
of synchronos machine (speed case) would be 60 rpm.
When engine rotation is 2000 rpm modulation rate of “neutral
gear” given to in-put of PDM controller would be 66.666 kHz, at this time speed
case rotation would be 2000 rpm. On that purpose the code 65536 – 750 is written
on to rate scaler at the beginning of each cycle.
Counter makes 750 50MGz impulses of generator each time, and
at the out-put of rate scaler we get frequency 66,666 kHz.
When “l” gear is set reduction ratio of speed case is 1:4,
that is when engine has 2000 rpm secondary shaft has 500 rpm. For that rotor
rate relative to stator would be 1500 rpm; modulation frequency at the in-put of
PDM-controller would be 50 kHz; and the code written on to in-put of rate scaler
“18” would be equal to 65536 – 1000.
If reduction ratio changes from “neutral transmission” to “l”
selector position (1:4) the code written on to in-put of rate scaler changes
from 65536 – 750 to 65536 – 1000.
That is computer can vary 250 fixed positions between “neutral
transmission” and “l” selector position (1:4).
4) Engine tachometer.
On figure 1 there is tachometer shown. It gages engine speed:
there is a sensor – optical couple 13 on the frame; there is a cut disc 12
rotating between sensor and receiver.
There are 120 cuts in the disc (12, fig.3; view from rotation
axis side) while engine runs impulses come to computer (19, fig.1) from sensor –
optical couple (13, fig.3). Through in-put 1 impulses come to timer (26, fig.4);
at this time timer is on to count, and at the next impulse coming it is off to
count.
While counting timer counts impulses coming from the generator
(27. Fig.4). Amount “A” is sent to out-put of timer and it is inversely to
frequency of engine speed.
For example, when having 2000 rpm engine does 1 revolution per
30 msec, interval between impulses to in-put 1 of timer would be 250 microsec,
for that period timer would count 750 impulses of generator (e.g. 3 MHz
frequency). Digital amount “A” would be equal to 750.
5) Secondary shaft tachometer.
In fig.1 there is tachometer shown that measures secondary
shaft speed: on the frame there is a sensor – optical couple 14; there is a cut
disc 15 rotating between sensor and receiver; in the disc there are 120 cuts
(15, fig.5; view from rotation axis side); while secondary shaft rotates
impulses from sensor come to computer (19, fig. 1) through in-put 2 impulses
come to timer (28, fig.6) at this time timer is on to count, at the next time
(impulse) timer is off to count.
While counting timer counts impulses coming from generator
(27, fig.6). Amount “B” is sent to out-put of timer and it inversely to
frequency of secondary shaft speed.
For example, when having 200 rpm secondary shaft does 1
revolution for 300 ms, interval between impulses to in-put 2 of timer would be
2500 microsec, for that period timer would count 7500 impulses of generator (3
MHz frequency). Digital amount “B” would be equal to 7500.
6) Timer of secondary shaft tachometer.
Sensor 14 (fig.5) has 2 optical couples mounted approx. each
0.5 degrees of the circle. When secondary shaft rotates one of the sensors sends
impulse to timer and this sensor ends counting. Direction of secondary shaft
rotation is determined by impulse on the second sensor; also data from out-put
“+” or “-“ to direction pointers (in-put 2, fig.6) is produced by this impulse.
When rotating direction changes optical couples (14) change their roles.
The counting limit of timer is 2.5 million impulses. When
secondary shaft has less than 0.6 rpm timer is overfilled and sends signal to
out-put “timer overfilled” (28) (fig.6). The same signal itself is sent out at
out-put of timer (28) at the very beginning of run right after power supply is
given.
When secondary shaft has 0.6 rpm we can consider that
secondary shaft is still, but speed case (upon set technical characteristics)
provides for maximum reduction ratio 155-1600.
7) Measuring engine speed and secondary shaft speed and change
of reduction rate of speed case.
In paragraph 3 “managed rate scaler” there is mentioned code
written to in-put of managed rate scaler (18, fig.1). This code defines
input-to-output frequency ratio to get frequency of PDM modulation of speed case
at out-put of rate scaler (18, fig.1). for that purpose amount “A” from out-put
of timer and amount “B” from out-put of timer (28) are produced and sent to
arithmetic device (30, fig.7). In the first place it is important to synchronize
speed of rotor relative to stator in speed case. Let’s consider option when
secondary shaft is still motionless.
Timer 28 (fig.7) produces signal “timer overfilled” and sends
it to in-put of arithmetic device (30, fig.7) determining order of counting code
that is sent to rate scaler (18).
In the case (when C = A) amount “C” defines code and
accordingly frequency sent to in-put of PDM controller (17, fig.1).
For example, when having 2000 rpm engine does 1 revolution per
30 msec, interval between impulses to in-put 1 of timer would be 250 microsec,
for that period timer would count 750 impulses of generator (e.g. 3 MHz
frequency). Digital amount “A” would be equal to 750.
Code at the in-put of rate scaler (18) would be equal to
65536-750, frequency at in-put of PDM controller (17) would be 66.666 kHz, rotor
runs at the speed of 2000 rpm, secondary shaft remains motionless – that is
“neutral transmission” (paragraph 3).
Decrease of code can accumulate till the moment when new
values of “A” and “B” are counted and rewritten from out-puts of tachometer 13
and 14 to out-puts of timer 26 and 28. According to new values of “A” and “B”
arithmetic device 30 determines value “C” thereby synchronizing rotor and stator
of the speed case, and after that it starts decreasing code again.
When driving in reverse direction the order of account of
value C = A:(1+A/B) for synchronization of rotor and stator is determined from
out-put “-“ of timer 14, and change of reduction ratio of speed case is
fulfilled by increment of code.
9) Measuring torque in speed case.
Speed of rotor relative to stator in speed case depends on
frequency of synchronization, but it does not depend on load in secondary shaft.
When load in secondary shaft changes (for example, when driving upwards on rise)
current of load in windings of stator will increase and, consequently, in the
chain of shunt 22 (fig.1; fig.8). voltage appears in shunt 22; this voltage is
proportional to current of load. Generator is connected to shunt 22; generator
is controlled by power supply (fig.1, fig.8), generator changes frequency at
out-put depending upon voltage. Frequency of voltage-controlled oscillator 24 is
transferred through in-put 5 (fig.1) to timer 31 (fig. 8). Frequency of
modulation is transferred from out-put of managed rate scaler through in-put 3
(fig.1).
Two of out-puts of PDM controller 17 are connected to timer 31
via in-put 4 (fig.1). When PDM impulse appears at in-put 4 permission to count
impulses coming from voltage-controlled oscillator 24 is given to timer 31, but
not right away – after some impulses (for example, 3-4) from in-put 3. Timer
counts impulses of voltage-controlled oscillator 24 in strictly defined
interval, for example, 5 microseconds. Out coming digital value at out-put of
timer 31 reflects value of torque in speed case.
10) Device of comparing torque.
An optimal torque in shaft corresponds to each value of rpm.
When torque goes up it is recommended to switch to low gear, when torque goes
down it is recommended to switch to high gear (to decrease reduction ratio of
speed case) so that engine would not waste its power for nothing.
Value of torque can be divided into four intervals (upon
growth):
À) Low – when engine runs with no load.
B) Optimal – when engine runs in most saving mode.
C) Nominal – when engine runs at high torque, for example, at
acceleration.
D) High – when engine runs at impermissible load.
Nominal moment can vary in wide range – from optimal to high
depending upon load and behavior.
Device of comparison 32 (fig.8) receives value “A” (engine
revolutions) from timer 26 and upon recorded table defines optimal torque
comparing it to the value of actual torque in speed case. Value of actual torque
is transferred to device of comparing to timer 31 (fig.8)
The function of comparing device is to put value of actual
torque to accordance with optimal (most saving, taken from table) one. It can be
reached by changing reduction ratio of speed case - notably by decreasing or
incrementing of the code that is transferred from out-put of comparing device 32
(fig. 8) to arithmetic device 30 (fig.7).
If actual torque in speed case goes up a little bit (for
example, when driving on rise) comparing device starts incrementing code
increasing reduction ratio of speed case. And vice versa, if actual torque goes
down it is recommended to decrease reduction ratio of speed case through
decreasing code.
It is written in paragraph 7 (change of reduction ratio of
speed case) that decrease (increment) of code is performed after a set amount of
impulses coming from out-put of rate scaler 18 transferred to in-put 3 and
further to timer 31 and comparing device 32 (fig.8). the higher value of torque
is the more infrequent (after bigger amount of impulses coming from out-put of
rate scaler 18) comparing device 32 performs decrease of code. Consequently, at
high load in secondary shaft speed case will change reduction ratio more slowly
providing for enough torque for acceleration.
Besides that, feedback is connected to comparing device 32
from arithmetic device 30 (fig.7). this value is equal to “B” divided into “A”
and indicates reduction ratio of speed case. It can be also just value “B”
indicating speed of secondary shaft.
According to these values comparing device 32 determines how
value of actual torque can change in speed case. At the beginning of
acceleration torque can reach for highest values close to overload. It is
defined by device 32 according to reduction ratio of speed case.
Further (when reduction ratio goes down) torque takes nominal
value reducing slowly to optimal value – while reduction ratio goes down and
acceleration goes up.
At this time torque value remains high and decrease of code
goes after a very big amount of impulses from out-put of rate scaler 18;
comparing device 32 stops sending commands to decrease of code.
Thus, when load is high reduction ratio can stop at some value
providing thereby for sufficient torque, for example, when driving in rise.
11) Computer.
Paragraphs 4 – 10 describe separate elements of computer 19
(fig.1). Figure 9 shows structural scheme of computer. Register 29 is written
periodically by code sent to in-put of rate scaler 18 (paragraph 3).
Timer 26 counts engine speed (par. 4), and timer 28 measures
speed of secondary shaft and signalizes “halt of secondary shaft” (par. 5 – 6).
Arithmetic device 30 synchronizes engine and secondary shaft
reading data from timer 26 and timer 28 (par. 7,8).
Value coming from voltage-controlled oscillator (24, fig.8) is
defined by timer 31 as value of torque in speed case (par.9) value of torque is
transferred from timer 31 to comparing device 32 (fig.8); comparing device
determines decrease or increment of code changing thereby reduction ratio of
speed case (paragraph 10).
Register 29 serves for recording and saving code; code is
rewritten on command of comparing device 32 (fig.9). At minor values of
reduction ratio in speed case change of code per one point is extremely lightly
shown in behavior of speed case, that is why code can change in some interval of
time at out-put of arithmetic device 30; after that code is rewritten in
register 29 upon command of comparing device 32. Rewriting Frequency is defined
according to reduction ratio in speed case (according to value “A” & “B”).
Feedback between devices 30 and 32 is used for that purpose (fig. 9 shows in
blue line).
When speed case has high reduction ratio data is rewritten in
register 29 at every change of code at out-put of arithmetic device 30.
Logic unit 33 (fig.9) determines when it is good to send
permission or taboo for increment (or decrease) of code defining input-to-output
frequency ratio. When switching selector 25 (fig. 1 and 9) to “R” or “D”
position logic element “or” 38 sends permission to logic element “I” 35 (fig.9)
After pressing throttle pedal (21, fig. 1 & 9) signal appears at out-put of
logic element 35; this signal permits logic unit 33 increment (or decrease) of
code. When pressing “brake” pedal (20, fig. 1 & 9) signal is sent to logic
element 34 “or”.
When speed of secondary shaft is lower than 0,6 rpm timer 28
(fig.9) send signal “timer overfilled” to logic element 34; logic unit
transforms to stable state of prohibition of increment (or decrease) of code
according to signal from logic element 34.
Besides, on-switch 20 is connected directly to unit 33: every
time “brake” pedal pressed logic unit 33 is given temporary ban for increment
(decrease) of code. This is needed that engine become disconnected from load at
brief stop. At this time arithmetic unit 30 just synchronizes primary and
secondary shafts upon their speed.
Torque in speed case (most likely) would be different at the
same speed of secondary shaft, depending upon in what direction secondary shaft
runs – forward or reverse direction. So comparing unit 32 (fig. 8 & 9)has two
tables for determining optimal torque (par.10); values are recorded in internal
memory for forward and reverse.
When switching selector 25 to “R” position permission is sent
to logic element “I” 36, and increment of code is sent from comparing unit from
that table that corresponds to reverse. When switching selector 25 to “D”
position permission is sent to logic element 37 (fig.9), decrease of code is
sent to logic unit 33 from that table that corresponds to forward.
12) Brake-release modes.
Several brake-release modes:
12.1) Quick start: selector 25 is in “N” position. Throttle
pedal is pressed, engine has 2000 – 5000 rpm. Secondary shaft is motionless,
arithmetic unit 30 synchronizes it upon value C = A (par.7, first indent).
After switching selector 25 to “D” position permission is
given for decrease of code, speed case starts reducing reduction ratio
determining frequency of code change according to torque value (data from
voltage-controlled oscillator 24, fig.9). High torque in speed case corresponds
to high revolutions of engine. Heightened torque in engine shaft corresponds to
high reduction ratio in speed case (par. 10).
Further synchronization by unit 30 is performed according to
formula C = A:(1-A/B) (par.8) – while secondary shaft gains revolutions. Torque
in speed case remains quite high (because engine has high revolutions) what lets
decrease value of code fast (par.7), and, consequently, reduce reduction ratio
of speed case.
12.2) Smooth acceleration: engine has lost revolutions,
secondary shaft is motionless.
After switching selector 25 to “D” position we press
acceleration pedal (21). When starting moving unit 30 performs synchronization
upon engine revolutions only (according to formula C = A).
Engine gains revolutions gradually, timer 26 rewrites data
from tachometer 13 every 1/120 revolution, synchronization is performed
according to data from tachometer 13. At this time unit 30 will increase value
of code – accordingly to synchronous frequency. Decrease of code for switching
gears (par.7) will be invisible – there will be intervals in timer between
rewritings. At these intervals engine gains revolutions and torque would be high
enough.
If acceleration pedal is pressed quickly and engine gains
revolutions faster value of torque would be high enough, and comparing unit 32
would send to unit 30 command not for decrease, but for increment of code so
that to increase reduction ratio in speed case. That is that if you press
acceleration pedal quickly speedup would be more dynamic. The same as engine
gains revolutions slowly, and torque remains high enough (for example, when
driving in rise) in this case code would increase also so that to increase
reduction ratio up to required value.
12.3) Switching selector when driving: Selector 25 is in “R”
position acceleration pedal is pressed, engine gains revolutions slowly,
secondary shaft rotates in some speed.
Now on the run without changing rpm we are switching selector
25 from “R” position to “D” position. Permission “increment of code” changes to
permission “decrease of code”. Arithmetic unit 30 starts increasing reduction
ratio in speed case and that’s why torque produces stopping movements (like if
you turn selector in manual gear box to lower gear). Braking intensity
(frequency of code change) is determined upon value of torque in speed case.
After secondary shaft stops completely reduction ratio in speed case goes to
value “neutral transmission”, and further decrease of code will reduce reduction
ratio in forward transmission, and as e result – speedup of vehicle.
13). Brushless construction of speed case.
13.1) Synchronous machine with hybrid power supply.
As it is known from principle of operation of electric machine
if you connect stator to power circuit (frequency f1) there will be rotating
magnetic field of some frequency of rotation in windings: n1 = 60* f1/ð (p –
amount of pole pairs). Rate of angular would be: 1 = 2P * f1/p.
If you connect DC to drive windings and rotor would run at
angular speed condition of synchronization would be equal to 1.
If you have two same drive windings and you connect them to
two-phase AC frequency f2 would create rotating magnetic field, its frequency
rate relative to rotor: n2 = 60 * f2/ p, rate of angular = 2 = 2Ï * f2 /p.
If rotor runs at rate of angular so angular speeds should be
connected by relation: 1 = + 2 for existence of set mode.
This was taken from handbook “Electric machines”. Authors: I.
Osin, U. Shakaryan, edited by professor I. Krilov, Moscow, Visshaya shkola,
1990.
13.2) Structure of brushless speed case.
Main difference of brushless speed case (shown in fig. 10)
from others is that a generator is mounted inside instead of brushes and rings.
Rotor of generator (39, fig. 10) mounted motionless on the frame 11, three-phase
power supply is lead to generator. Stator of generator is mounted in engine
shaft and rotates with it. Stator of generator (39) supplies stator of speed
case (6, fig.10). in this chain shunt 22 and oscillator controlled by voltage
(VCO 24) – they serve for measuring value of torque in speed case as it was
pointed in paragraph 9. But as shunt 22 and VCO 24 rotate with engine shaft
there is a sensor 41 used for data transfer of torque value, for example,
oscillator of infrared spectrum.
Receiver 42 is mounted in the frame that transfers data to
in-put 5 of computer 19.
As addition of construction we can name switch 43 that is
controlled by selector 25.
(fig. 10 does not show it). This switch serves for change
places of two phases, supplying the oscillator (39.40). also switch 43 serves
for performing prohibition of impulse transfer to keys 1 – 6 that operate power
supply of rotor windings. In this case DC is supplied to the keys. Operation is
performed by timer 28 (fig. 10 does not show that).
13.3) How brushless speed case works.
It follows from description in par. 13.1 operation of
synchronous machine that frequency of AC 1 at out-put of stator additional
oscillator (40 fig.10) depends upon rate of engine shaft and frequency of AC 2
supplying windings of stator (39, fig.10). it follows from formula 1 =
+
2
(paragraph 13.1) that if DC is supplied to windings of rotor, and consequently,
frequency supplying windings of speed case is equal to rate of engine shaft. In
this time magnetic field in stator rotates in reverse to engine shaft direction.
Rotor of speed case remains motionless, this is neutral transmission. For that
purpose there is switch designed in construction of speed case; it performs
blocking of PDM impulses to keys (key 1 – 6) and supplies them with DC.
Frequency
2,
supplying rotor windings 39 is added to frequency
,
(formula
1
=
+
2)
but in that case only when magnetic field of rotor 39 rotates in reverse to
engine shaft direction.
In this time frequency supplying stator of speed case is
higher than rate of engine shaft, and magnetic field of stator in speed case
constantly rotates in direction reverse to engine shaft, and, consequently,
secondary shaft rate would be equal to -
2.
This is reverse.
Now if we change places of power supply of the keys of two
phases supplying rotor 39 of auxiliary oscillator magnetic field would rotate in
reverse direction in the same as engine shaft.
In this time frequency
1,
supplying stator of speed case would be lower than frequency of engine shaft
per value
2.
This corresponds to frequency of rotor power supply 39, frequency of secondary
shaft would be equal to
2.
This is forward.
For example, if code sent to in-put of rate scaler 18 (fig.10)
is equal to zero, frequency of oscillator 23 divided into 65536 would be 763 Hz.
Frequency supplying rotor of oscillator 39, and consequently, rate of secondary
shaft of speed case would be equal to 22,9 rpm. Rotation direction of secondary
shaft in this time does not depend upon frequency of AC, but is determined by
direction of rotation of magnetic field supplying rotor of oscillator 39.
Now if you increment value of code given to in-put of rate
scaler 18 frequency of rotor supply 39 would increase also (and, consequently,
frequency of secondary shaft).
At that rate of secondary shaft is sufficient for
synchronization of speed case, and for changing reduction ratio of speed case it
is recommended to increase value of code.
Note: rate 22,9 rpm – minimal for given example, as a fact it
cannot provide for softness of driving at the very beginning or can occur
sufficiently large for big and heavy mechanism. That’s why rate scaler 18 can be
mounted with big dividing coefficient or oscillator 23 with lower running
frequency.
From formula n1 = 60* f1/ð (ð – amount of pole pairs)
(paragraph 13.1) determining frequency of rate of synchronous machine it follows
that we can increase amount of pole pairs, decreasing thereby rate of rotor in
speed case in several times. At this time order of code account will also
change.
13.4) Computer of brushless speed case.
Some changes will touch the computer controlling speed case
behavior. Value “A” is sent to comparing device only (fig.11); torque in speed
case that corresponds to engine rates is determined upon value “A”.
As there are sufficient amount of revolutions of secondary
shaft for synchronization of rotor and stator only value “B” is sent to
arithmetic unit 30 and only when secondary shaft rotates.
When shifting selector 25 to position “R” or “D” commands to
change places of control over two phases (keys 1,2,4,5) are sent to switch 43;
at this time direction of magnetic field of rotor power supply 39 (fig.11, shown
in dashed line) rotation will be changed thereby.
When slowing down rate of secondary shaft lower than 0,5 rpm
timer 28 sends a command “timer overfilled” (paragraph 6). Out-put “timer
overfilled” also connected to switch 43; switch supplies keys 1 – 6 with DC
(fig.11, shown in dashed lines) according to signals from switch 43,
(fig.11 is located below)
14) co-operation of speed case and electric engine.
14.1) mounting electro motor into power unit.
Figure 12 shows mounting of electro motor into power unit.
Engine and speed case are not shown, rotor 107 is shown in
engine shaft 9. All elements similar to control elements of speed case by
function are numbered by indexes of “100”, just for convenience. For example,
106 is stator of electro motor, 107 is rotor of electro motor and so on. Control
keys of PDM modulation are marked as key 11 – key 16. Battery supplying electro
motor with power is marked as number 44, electro motor charges the battery when
“brake” mode is on.
Computer 119 sends code to rate scaler 118 that forms impulses
for PDM modulation 117. Unit 143 serves for switching places of two phases and
performing reverse rotation of engine.
14.2) Computer of electro motor.
Computer 119 (fig.13) also has a row of differences from
computer of brushless speed case. Its elements similar by function are marked by
indexes plus “100”. Value “A” (engine rates) is not needed here, value “B” comes
from timer 28. When timer 28 overfilled unit 143 disconnects power supply from
key 11 – 16 completely.
14.3) Cojoint mounting of speed case and electro motor.
Figure 14 shows simplified scheme of Cojoint mounting of speed
case and electro motor.
Numeration and purpose of construction elements correspond to
pointed figures 1, 10, 12.
Internal combustion engine is not shown in figure. Besides,
pedals 20 and 21 are not shown either, and selector 25. Keys 1 – 6 and 11 – 16
are painted for convenience in small assembly, however, as elements 17,18,23,43;
117, 118,123,143; 22,24 è 122,124.
Number 45 is unit relocating load between speed case (internal
combustion engine) and electro motor.
14.4) Relocation of load.
Differential unit 45 (fig. 14 and 15) is intended for
relocating load between speed case and electro motor when they run together.
Figure 14 shows how differential unit interacts with computer elements 19 and
119 controlling behavior of speed case and electro motor. Torque values of speed
case and electro motor are compared to according to data coming from timer 31 &
131. Comparing unit 32 & 132 indicates data of correspondence of torque. Rate
scalers 18 & 118 are connected for count of impulses controlling PDM
controllers. Differential unit 45 determines difference of moments of changing
code for units 33 & 133.
For example, engine shaft rotates at some constant speed, and
secondary shaft 9 (fig.14) rotates at speed of 500 rpm. Modulation frequency for
PDM controllers 17 & 117 would be 16,666 kHz, code sent to rate scalers 18 & 118
would be 65536-3000. Let acknowledge, that secondary shaft speed changes from
500 to 510 rpm for the period of 12 seconds.
For that purpose we need to give modulation frequency 16,999
kHz, and code should be changed from 65536-3000 to 65536-2940; change of code
will occur every 0,2 sec.
In this time traction between speed case and electro motor
will be assessed uniformly, because changes of code (and change of reduction
ratio in speed case) go synchronously.
Relocation of load: at modulation frequency 16,666 kHz change
of code goes every 0,2 sec; for that period 3333 impulses (duration 60 micros
each – frequency – 16,666 kHz) are sent to PDM controllers 17 & 117 from rate
scalers 18 & 118. Each of impulses contains of 3000 micro impulses of 0,02
micros duration – this is frequency of 50 MHz coming from oscillators 23 & 123.
Now if last impulse sent to PDM controller is left with no
change and rate scaler 118 is given code 65536-2999 (one unit less) so count
will be over earlier (per 0,02 micros); impulse to PDM controller will come
earlier, and, consequently, electro motor (106, 107 fig.14) will have a little
bit higher load.
If we send code 65536-2999 to rate scaler 118 much earlier (2
impulses 120 microsec) electro motor will have more load. Differential unit 45
comparing values of torques (timers 31 & 131, fig.15) determines how earlier it
is required to send code change to rate scaler 118 (in the case it is necessary
for electro motor to get bigger load).
Counting impulses coming from rate scalers (18 & 118, fig.15)
differential unit determines moment when one of the computers should change
code. Moment of changing code (and as e consequence of relocation of load) is
determined by program and settings of differential unit 45. At this time
electromagnetic power of rotor & stator cohesion in speed case and electro motor
will provide for softness of load relocation so that there were damper springs
in the speed case.
Variable electro hybrid speed case with digital control is
designed to reach the following technical goals:
1) Increase liability
2) Increase range of reduction ratio settings in continuously
variable transmission
3) Get reverse and neutral
4) Increase life time
5) Improve control over speed case
6) Get rid of limits of power growth
7) Get simplicity of device
8) Get high performance
Pointed technical advances are subject to the following
conditions:
- Increase liability: instead of lamels – current passing
rings – more reliable knot (p.1). if auxiliary oscillator (p.13) installed
we can deny brushes; it removes friction part what provides for more
liability and increases life time.
- Increase range of reduction ratio settings in
continuously variable transmission: paragraph 7 describes the way of forming
impulses managing PDM controller behavior. To form impulses frequency of
oscillator is used (23, p.1). Duration of impulse is compiled from the sum
of micro impulses of oscillator. Change of impulse duration is described in
paragraph 3 of document 12.5; and as frequency of oscillator reaches for
tens of MHz, consequently, and duration of impulses managing PDM controller
can be changed for hundredth parts of micro second, and amount of speed case
positions can be several millions. It can provide for opportunity to choose
the most optimal or saving behavior of driving, and also to provide for
smooth change of reduction ratio of speed case what is good for speed case
when driving at low speed and for heavy and large devices.
- Get reverse and neutral: paragraph 2 describes device of
speed case what says that reduction ratio of speed case is changed by
difference of mutual speeds of rotor and stator. If rotation rate that is
equal, but reverse to speed of engine shaft and stator, is reached rotor and
secondary shaft remain still that can be estimated as “neutral”. At further
change of speed of rotor relative to stator the direction of secondary shaft
rotation changes what is named “reverse”. Neutral can be gotten by
disconnecting chains of speed case control from power supply.
Get reverse and neutral in case we have brushless device of
speed case: paragraph 13.3 describes behavior of brushless speed case what says
that change from neutral to reverse is reached by switching chains of control
over power keys of speed case. Neutral is reached by non-stop power supply to
power keys of speed case or by disconnecting them from power supply.
4) Increase life time: as torque is transferred by interaction
of electro magnetic power of rotor and stator wear out of parts are excluded.
Replacement of lamels of collector to current transferring rings considerably
increases life time of knot; when using brushless device of speed case there no
rubbing parts except for bearings (pos.5 & 8; fig. 1 & 10).
Measurement of torque is performed by value of current load in
windings; that’s why probability of overheating or fusion is reduced what also
increases life time of device.
5) Improve control over speed case: change of mutual speeds of
rotor and stator is reached by PDM controller; impulses of PDM modulation are
produced by computer with high accuracy. At this time speeds of parts rotation
of speed case are constantly measured and always available for managing computer
(par, 4 & 5), and reduction ratio of speed case can always be known (according
to data).
As we use two sources of mechanic power – engine and electro
motor – PDM modulation will provide for opportunity to relocate load between
engine and electro motor smoothly (par. 14, doc. 12.5). That is control over
speed case will improve considerably, computer will control processes more
accurately and smarter than commutator machine of direct current.
6) Get rid of limits of power growth:
At the expense of that fact that transferred from engine to
drive load is located on the whole surface of speed case (in distinction to
variable speed belt where load is concentrated on joint points of belt and
sheaves) this device will provide for constructing the device for however large
horsepower; it is needed to enlarge sizes correspondingly.
7) Get simplicity of device:
à) Speed case consists of minimal amount of parts. b) there
are minimal amount of high-precision parts in speed case and also parts that
demand for high-technology and high-price processing (cementation, tempering,
grinding).
c) There are no special devices of switching reverse in speed
case; switching is performed by changing parameters of impulse modulation, or it
is performed in logic chains of micro schemes and on power keys of control.
d) There is no device of power flow break (for example,
cohesion basket or torque converter) in speed case device. Electromagnetic case
transfers power flow after power keys of control are supplied. And also after
power key is on we can reach for behavior when rotor and stator are
synchronized, but torque is not transferred by speed case – this behavior is
described in paragraph 12.5 as “neutral”.
e) Speed case does not need any special oils.
f) Device of speed case is maximum simplified: no livers, no
beams, no moving parts and so on; that means life time is long.
8) Get high performance: production of PDM impulses goes in
computer, power keys go a little bit behind computer by performance. Cores of
rotor and stator have inertness when magnetized (hysteresis loop), but, though,
exceed mechanic and hydraulic devices by performance anyways; and as torque is
transferred at the expense of interaction of electromagnetic fields it is
impossible to destroy electromagnetic muff when dynamic shifting selector (as
described in paragraph 12.3 of document 12.5).
Besides:
Gear switching is performed by changing parameters of control
over modulation; at present there are systems of digital control over PDM
modulation of three-phase engines. Many parameters of measurements and control
are electric, and it is also convenient when constructing computer system of
speed case control.
It gives an opportunity to increase performance at the expense
of high speed of PDM modulation calculation by computer. We can also have an
opportunity of wide setting parameters of behavior of speed case by remote
control; the program of remote control can be also published in Internet;
web-site of authors.
