Articles and Publication Physics Quantum physics Temporal Principles of the Multiworld Interpretation
Temporal Principles of the
Multiworld Interpretation
© Feygin Î. Î.
Contact
to the author: folor@bigmir.net
The general principles of the
Multiworld interpretation of environmental validity are considered by
introducing temporal paradigms in quantum theory. The methodological basis and
extensions of the Multiworld approach in borders quantum chronophysic is offered.
The role and value of temporal multiworld scripts in chronoquantum cosmology are
investigated. Construction of a uniform arrow of time and the basic aspects of
determining physical events is considered.
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“We introduce into "relative-state
theory", systems which represent observers. Such systems can be conceived
as automatically functioning machines (servomechanisms) possessing recording
devices (memory) and which are capable of responding to their environment. The
behavior of these observers shall always be treated within the framework of wave
mechanics. Furthermore, we shall deduce the probabilistic assertions of Process
as subjective
appearances to such observers, thus placing the theory in correspondence with
experience. We are then led to the novel situation in which the formal theory is
objectively continuous and causal, while subjectively discontinuous and
probabilistic. While this point of view thus shall ultimately justify our use of
the statistical assertions of the orthodox view, it enables us to do so in a
logically consistent manner, allowing for the existence of other observers”
H.Everett III “Relative State
Formulation of quantum mechanics”
Multiworld interpretation (ÌWI)
has validity in one of the specific conceptual forms of quantum mechanics, which
arose in the 50th years of the last century. According to this concept, in
addition to a directly cognizable world, there are many other similar worlds,
which exist in parallel in the same space and time. One of the ultimate goals in
the development of the ÌWI theory was an attempt to remove long-range action
both from the quantum theory, and from all physical phenomena. The history of ÌWI
begins with Everetta's inclusion of an infinite number of worlds in the universe,
in addition to the world of our reality. In particular, each time quantum
experiments having nonzero probability are carried out, ÌWI allows that each
fixed result corresponds to various worlds, although we know that directly
observable results belong only to our World [1, 2].
The
formulation of Everett's quantum mechanics can be attributed to the problemof
deciding quantum measurements by the splitting process of the collapse of a wave
function in Neumann's standard theory. For this purpose, empirical predictions
of the standard theory were considered as subjective experiences of the
observers, which are the physical systems described by the given theory. One of
the main problems of the Everett's theory is the ambiguity in the practical
realization of ÌWI. In due time, some attempts were made to reconstruct a
non-collapsing theory of Everett's to explain the obvious definite results of
quantum measurements. D.Uilera and B.Devitta's constructions are best known.
Finally, these attempts have resulted in such formulations of quantum mechanics
as Multiworld, multiple individual consciousnesses of the observers, many
quantum histories and a chronoquantum Multiworld. In various ÌWI's it is
possible to count the common features giving an image of the universe which
never tests the condition of collapse and submits to the chronoquantum equation.
Another feature of ÌWI consists in the assumption that this universal condition
is a quantum superposition of several (and possibly and infinite number of)
conditions that are identical, but non-interacting among themselves in parallel
universes.
In
the present work some aspects of the application of the Multiworld
interpretation in relational quantum mechanics are considered. On the basis of
the theoretical results, further development of the theory of many-chronoquantum
histories [3] is accomplished.
The
standard formulation of Neumann's quantum theory includes some basic principles:
Representation
of conditions: Probable
physical conditions of system S are represented by separate vectors of
individual length in space (which for the applied purposes of QP can be
considered linear with internal properties).
Representation of
properties: for each physical
parameter P, which can be observed in system S, there is the linear projective
operator P representing properties of the given quantum system.
Connection of own
conditions and own values:
system S definitely contains physical parameter P, if and only if P,
influencing S, results in S. We speak then, that S is a condition P
with value 1. Thus S definitely has no properties P, if and only if P,
influencing S, results in 0.
Dynamics:
If the above quantum system measurements are not carried out, then
they develop continuously according to linear, determined dynamics which depend
only on the power properties of the system. If in the above system, a
measurement is carried out instantly and chaotically, it may result in a
definite condition, or it will definitely have no measured property. The
probability of realization of each condition in postmeasurement is determined by
an initial condition of the system. More definitely, it is possible to tell that
the probability of realization of a specific final condition is equal to the
norm - the squared product of projections of initial and final conditions.
So
that the system definitely had some specific property, the vector representing
the condition of the system should enter as a beam in the space of conditions
representing the given property. To definitely not have such a property, the
vector of the condition of the system should lay in a plane in this space.
Generally speaking, the majority of vectors of a given condition will be in
parallel to the given beam. Further, the standard determined dynamics of a
quantum system cannot guarantee that the system will definitely have, or
definitely not have some specific property. This is why the dynamics of a
collapse is necessary in the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. It
guarantees, that the system will either definitely have, or definitely not have
a specific property, every time observation is carried out. But linear dynamics
is also necessary to explain quantum effects. So the standard formulation of
quantum mechanics has two dynamic laws: continuous and linear, described as the
system develops when there are no measurements, and casual, faltering and
nonlinear when measurements are carried out.
To
keep an internal organic unity in quantum mechanics and in substantive
provisions, Everett has assumed that the standard formulation of a collapse
could not be used for the description of systems with internal observers. For
Everett, this restriction on applicability of quantum mechanics was inadmissible.
Everett wanted quantum mechanics so that it could be applied to any physical
system in general without division into classes of observers. To solve a problem
of quantum measurements, Everett had suggested to lower the level of dynamics of
a collapse and to deduce standard statistical predictions of quantum mechanics
from the subjective experiences of observers, necessary for considering usual
physical systems within the limits of the new theory.
If
ÌWI is applied to laboratory measurements by observer D, in a condition of
readiness D (0), in what is essentially a dual parameter x of some quantum
physical system S (for example, back in position a and b), then is possible to
determinee the following variations:
|D(0)> |S[x(a)]> => |D[x(a)]> |S[x(a)]>;
(1)
|D(0)> |S[x(b)]> => |D[x(b)]> |S[x(b)]>.
(2)
From (1)
and (2), it follows that if the observer measures a system, which is determined
by a certain prior direction, there will be a given determination in its report.
Now we shall consider a case when the observer fixes the parameters of a system,
which is determined by imposing its own prior conditions:
c(1)
|S[x(a)]> + c(2) |S[x(b)]>. (3)
Th
process of measurement is similar to (1) and (2), and in such complex systems
will look like:
|D(0)>
{c(1) |S[x(a)]> + c(2) |S[x(b)]>} =>
c(1) |D[x(a)]> |S[x(a)]> + c(2) |D[x(b)]>
|S[x(b)]>. (4)
The
formulation of quantum collapse reductions in standard theory, during the
measurement of the initial condition (3), would collapse and reduce to a
condition composed of the right part (4) with probabilities c (1) or c (2). But,
on Everett’s interpretation, a collapse does not occur. In agreement with ÌWI,
there is a specific condition of postmeasurement which is confusing as a result
of imposing registration of the result of measurement by the observer and
applying a condition of the quantum system with a certain parameter. Here, it is
necessary to notice that Everett always recognized that a condition of
postmeasurement similar to (4) is one of the most difficult interpretive
positions of ÌWI. So, according to ÌWI’s paradigm, as a result of
interaction of the observer with a quantum subsystem there is a specific
condition of the measuring device (4), which is not capable of independent
definition of the parameters. Subsequently, the definition of objective
characteristics of quantum systems is dependent on stand-alone "external"
laboratories to detected conditions of the quantum object as a whole.
This
uncertain behaviour seems a contradiction to our daily experience, as physical
objects in environmental reality always have a certain disposition. We shall
analyse the given situation, presenting the laboratory observer as a subsystem
of a complex system: the observer + object. Then, in the interactions of a given
subsystem (4), the separate condition of the observer will not exist. However,
complex conditions of the system will be imposed where each element contains the
certain condition of the observer connected with the fixed condition of the
system of objects. Besides as we see for everyone, the relative conditions of
the system of objects, results in a value received by the observer who is
described by the same element imposed. Thus, each final element describes the
observer who has a fixed, certain and in general, various result and to which,
it seems, that the condition of the system of objects has passed, corresponding
to the observers own condition. In this sense usual statements about a collapse
of a wave function, are reduced to the subjective level of perception of each
observer described by imposed elements.
In
this aspect, the so-called principle registered by Everett applies a fundamental
relativity to quantum mechanical conditions. On this principle, the judgement of
a specific condition is based on the observers who have registered certain
parameters of a quantum object (for example, prior position), can declare that
the measured quantum subsystem is in a given condition. But this principle
cannot provide in itself, the certain fixed measurements given in standard
quantum theory with the formulation of the collapse of a wave function. The
standard formulation predicts that the condition of complex system collapses and
reduces precisely to one of the following two conditions:
|D[x(a)]>
|S[x(a)]> or |D[x(b)]> |S[x(b)]>. (5)
Thus, the unique variant of the condition of a
quantum subsystem is carried out.
This
brief analysis shows that in the case of ÌWI, the problem will be that there is
a break in the Everett's description, in what it intends to explain and what it
finally states. It intends to explain why observers receive precisely the same
reports on measurements as the standard formulation of a collapse predicts, but
it is not clear how the observer reports the information after a typical
measurement. As it is not clear, how with help ÌWI, to explain the concrete
fixed results of measurements. Also, why it is necessary to expect that final
laboratory reports will correspond to standard quantum statistics. This is a
blank in the description of Everett's results in many mutually incompatible
reconstructions of ÌWI quantum mechanics. Each of these various interpretations
has the purpose of explaining how laboratory reports of observers can be fixed
by subjective or objective images. Similarly, variations in ÌWI should contain
the precise answer to the question on the role and value of the world outlook
status of the detector in the condition of postmeasurement of quantum conditions.
A
number of the above-stated critical remarks could be removed in the cardinal
image, having entered in theory of ÌWI as a paradigm [5-7]. Temporal analysis
of substantive provisions of ÌWI can include the following:
1. Replacement of spatial
probability on the temporal.
2. Data temporal borders in the
collapse of wave functions to chronoquantum scales.
3. Designing of time’s arrow.
Replacement underspace
probability on the temporal assumes the presence of a new generalized form for
expressions (1) aned (2):
|D[t(0)]>
|S[x(i)]> =t> t(j)-t(0) =t> |D{t[x(j)]}> + |S{t [x(j)]}>, (6)
Where
D – temporal detector, S[x(i)] – i-parameter’s quantum subsystem; t(j)-t(0)
– a time interval of detecting; =t> - temporal transition in borders
allocated chronoquantum [8].
Accordingly, for a complex case
of temporal reductions of dual superposition (4), we receive,
|D(0)>{c(1) |S[x(a)]> + c(2) |S[x(b)]>}
=t(1)> c[t(1)] |D{t(1) [x(a)]}> + |S{t(1) [x(a)]}, (7)
|D(0)>{c(2) |S[x(a)]> + c(2) |S[x
(b)]>} =t(2)> c[t(2)] |D{t(2) [x(a)]}> + |S{t(2) [x(a)]}. (8)
Where
temporal ÌWI appears, is one more variant in the interpretation of quantum
representations, which assumes the existence of consecutive universes in time.
In each of them, the same laws of nature operate with a set of the same world
constants, but all of them are in different temporal conditions. In a certain
sense, in temporal ÌWI it is possible to consider a refusal of the collapse of
a wave function, which accompanies the concept of "measurement" in the
Copenhagen interpretation. The temporal aspects of ÌÌÈ are based on the
phenomenon of temporal quantum complexity. For an explanation of the effects
occuring at measurement, we must look to the phenomenon of temporal decoherence
which occurs when conditions cooperate with an environment at the borders of the
allocated chronoquantum.
Since
the first original works on quantum chrono-dynamics, some new versions of
temporal ÌWI already were offered. Two basic moments are peculiar to all of
them. The first will consist in the existence of temporal functions of a
condition for all universes which is described by quantum ratios and which never
tests undetermined collapses. The second moment will consist in the assumption,
that this universal condition is a chronoquantum superposition of several
conditions of uneven age where the consecutive universes cooperate among
themselves.
Temporal ÌWI is one of many
multiworld hypotheses in physics and philosophy. For today it has certain
prospects of development, along with standard ÌWI, the Copenhagen
interpretation and interpretation of coordinated histories.
As
well as other interpretations, temporal ÌWI give the dispersion of quanta of
electromagnetic radiation results in the classical experiment of the
two-slot-hole. We remind of the elementary facts, that when quanta pass through
a two-slot-hole their resulting position is defined by the requirements of
wave-corpuscle duality. To explain the transition from wave to corpuscular
representations, the process of a so-called collapse of wave function is
used, according to the Copenhagen interpretation
To
return to the sources of the given phenomenon, it is necessary to recollect the
original postulate of duality in changes to the wave function. It agrees with
evolution or the spasmodic casual change caused by supervision and measurement,
or may be determined temporally according to quantum equations. Still, Einstein
recognized that the phenomenon of the collapse of awave function suggested by
the Copenhagen interpretation is an artificial depiction that requires a search
for other interpretations.
Temporal
ÌWI offers one of many alternatives. After ÌWI, we shall consider that for
compound systems, the statement that any subsystem is in a certain condition is
incorrect. This at once results in a conclusion about the temporally-relative
character of the condition of one system in relation to another.
Formulations
of quantum chronodynamic, leads us to an understanding of the process of the
collapse of a wave function; an event at measurement, mathematically equivalent
to the chronoquantum superposition of wave functions. In the formulation of
temporally ÌWI, the measuring device and object of measurement form a compound
system, each subsystem, before measurement, exists in temporally determined
conditions in the borders of allocated chronoquanta. Then also, we can consider
the process of measurement as a process of temporal interactions between
elements of subsystems. In the final result of the interaction, it is possible
to identify relative conditions as superpositions of certain alternative
histories.
References.
- Deutsch
D. Quantum theory of probability and decisions// Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London. 1999. - A455. – P.3129.
- Feygin O.O. Synthetic gnosiology
of discrete temporalogy// Proceedings of the UAS. 2005. – Vol.1. - P.147.
- Feygin O.O. Chronophysical
concepts of quantum mechanics// Proceedings of the UAS. 2005. – Vol.1. –
P.152.
- Feygin O.O. Separate conceptual
positions of discrete temporalogy // Proceedings of the UAS, 2005. –
P.158.
-
Feygin
O.O. Epistemological Analysis of Discrete Physical Reality. http://www.wbabin.net/science/feygin.pdf
- Feygin O.O.
Atemporal Reinterpretation of Quantum Mechanical Representation. - http://www.wbabin.net/science/feygin2.pdf
- Feygin O.O.
Concepts of Chronoquantum Decoherence. – http://www.wbabin.net/science/feygin3.pdf
Publishing date: December 11, 2007
Source: SciTecLibrary.ru
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