PHYSICAL NATURE OF ORIGIN OF NUCLEARS, OF GREEN-STONE BELTS, ANCIENT LITHOSPHERIC PLATES AND THE EARTH MANTL.

© M. A. Gaysin 

 Contact to the author: giesin_murat@mail.ru

Annotation

The author has made a reconstruction of the terrestrial globe with the help of the alternative theory of the accelerating Earth accretion. The results have been produced which can explain many of geological processes including the nature of origin of nuclears, of green-stone belts, ancient lithospheric plates and the Earth mantle.

Modern conception of the Earth evolution.

Origin of the initial crust and the asthenosphere, origin of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere (4.5 – 4.2 billion years ago);

Mantle heating and occurrence of the first signs of the plate tectonics (4.2 – 3.9 billion years ago);

The development of plate-tectonic processes, protocontinents formation up to the birth of the first supercontinent Pangaea – (3.9 – 2.5 billion years ago);

The continuation of the active plate-tectonic processes with the periodical oceans’ opening and the continental masses accretion (2.5 billion years to present day).

The conventional paradigm is based on the suggestion that the Earth’s size is fixed in time and the main planetary process is the chemical-density differentiation of the Earth’s matter which led to the occurrence of the iron-oxide core.

Alternative conception of the Earth’s evolution.

W. Carry [3] in his book “In Search of mechanisms of the Earth and the Universe Development” mentions the possible reasons for the accelerating accretion of the Earth (point 3): “The theory postulates that originally the Earth had the core of the superdense matter which slowly transformed into normal matter and led to the gradual accretion of the planet. Various models of this kind have been proposed by the scientists from the USA, Canada, Australia, Hungary, Great Britain, Germany and the USSR. According to these models the superdense core was inherited from some earlier stage (before the Earth liberated from its stellar progenitor) and remained ever since in this metastable state. That is why according to this hypothesis the matter of the unstable superdense core penetrates into less dense materials and this leads to a significant accretion of the Earth”. These theories suggest that the oceans have been formed within the last 150 million years. They make up about three fourths of the Earth’s surface, at the same time the Earth diameter has increased almost twice. There remains, however, an insuperable obstacle for these theories – the postulate which states that the initial Earth had the same mass as it has now but its diameter was half. In this case the gravity on the surface would have been four times as much from the present value and it would have had an effect on many geologic processes. Professor Stuart from Redington University, England rejected the idea of the Earth’s accretion by this exact reason.

Refinements to the alternative conception of the Earth’s evolution.

The author of the paper also supports the theory of the accelerating accretion of the Earth but has to make considerable refinements. Is that really so that within 150 million years the Earth’s diameter has increased twice? Even the simplest calculations show it is not true. First of all, let us ask ourselves a simple question – why do rivers flow? Thousands and thousands of kilometers and practically all of them flow into the oceans. There should be a strong reason for that. This reason is the difference between the curvature of continents and the general curvature of the Earth. W. Carry in his book “In Search of mechanisms of the Earth and the Universe Development” (p.290) writes: “In the Earth accretion theory continental blocks are regarded as prisms with the depth of about 3000 km. It is believed that the continents remain on the same mantle area where they were located originally, their separation is due to the growth of the new oceanic crust between them in the course of the Earth accretion. Claus Fogel has established and Schmidt Amblton has proved later: the separation of the continents took place when, during the process of the Earth accretion, they moved radially, in opposite directions from each other”.

The author claims that the continents not only separate radially, they also preserve the initial Earth’s curvature. That is why the continents are like icebergs – one can see only their part on the surface.

Oceans’ area is 361.1 million km². The oceans’ floor contour also includes continental shelves and continental slopes which make up 9,6% and 13% correspondingly (table 1). These areas reasoning from their structure should be a part of continents’ area. Thus, considering this correction, the real continents’ area is equal to:

S_ko = 149.1 + 361.1*(9.6+13)/ 100 = 230.7 million km².

Real sizes of the continent can be well seen on the “Floor of the oceans” map (Pic.1).

[1] Main zones of the World ocean’s floor

Table 1

The author has reconstructed the Earth into the past, in the times of the ancient crystal plates formation, along the curvature of the continental slope. The difference between the curvature of the continental slope and the modern curvature of the Earth is equal to 15° - [1] “The continental slope is characterized by the steep submergence of the floor which amounts to 15° and more.” That means that the slope goes down 258.82 m vertically per each kilometer of the ocean’s surface.

∆_h =1000 m * sin 15° = 258.82 m

Having multiplied ∆h by the half of the Earth’s circumference, one can get the difference between the diameter of the modern Earth and the diameter of the Earth of the times of ancient crystal platforms formation.

∆_d = ∆_h * O_okr/2; ∆_d = 0.25882* 20 000 km = 5 176 km.

Thus, the desired value of the Earth’s radius – R_k can be found:

R_k = (D₀ - ∆_d)/2; R_k =(12742 – 5176)/2 = 3783 km.

Then the area of the Earth’s surface was approximately equal to:

S_kr = 4πR_k²; S_kr = 4*3.14* 3783² = 179.75 million km².

The author has made the verification checkout by adding the areas of the ancient crystal platforms of the modern continents.

The sum of the Earth’s continents areas is equal to 149.1 million km².

All continents except Eurasia are the ancient crystal platforms [2] (picture 2). The area of the Earth’s continents without Eurasia equals to:

S_k-e = 149.1 – 53.45 = 95.65 million km².

The Eurasian continent consists of the ancient crystal platforms and younger platforms. The approximate area of the ancient crystal platforms of Eurasia is 18.23 million km².

Indian platform - 3.2 million km²;

2 Chinese platforms - 1.65 million km²;

East-Siberian platform - 4.63 million km²;

Baltic shield and East European plate - 5.25 million km².

Besides, the ancient shelves of the Paleoasiatic ocean are included in this sum as the flexures of the ancient crystal platforms. The areas of the two continents of Eurasia and the Paleoasiatic ocean can be found out of the two following ratios:

S_{m_a}+ S_{o_a}= 53.45 and S_{m_a}+ 0.096* S_{o_a} = 18.23

Thus, the area of the ancient continents of Eurasia equals to 14.49 million km²; And the area of the Paleoasiatic ocean is equal to 38.96 million km²;

Picture 3

Altogether the area of surfaces of the Earth’s ancient crystal platforms is approximately 110.14 million km²:

S_k-sc = 95.65 + 14.49 =110.14 million km²

But this does not include the shelves and the continental slopes of the ancient Paleoasiatic ocean [2] Picture 3.

S_{a_sc} = 38.96* (0.096+0.13) = 8.8 million km².

And it does not include the areas of the shelf and the continental slope of the modern oceans.

S_s+c = 361.1*(0.096+0.13) = 81.6 million km².

Let us calculate which part of the shelf and the continental slope refers to the ancient crystal platforms.

149.1 million km² - 81.6 million km² as well as

110.14 million km² - S_ks+с

S_ks+с = (110.14 * 81.6)/ 149.1 = 60.28 million km².

Thus, the total area of the ancient crystal platforms of the modern continents is equal to: S_k = 110.14 + 8.8 + 60.28 = 179.22 million km².

The verification checkout has confirmed the correctness of the preceding statement. The result of the verification checkout almost completely coincides with design area S_kr = 179.75 million km².

The following level: The author has determined the average velocity of the earth’s accretion. The age of the ancient crystal platforms is 2.5—3.0 billion years. The reference point is the near bound of 2.5 billion years as it is the time of the final formation of the curvature of the ancient crystal platforms.

According to the previous calculations 2.5 billion years ago the Earth’s radius was equal to R_k = 3783 km.

∆R_k = R₀ – R_k; ∆R_k = 6371 – 3783 = 2588 km.

The average velocity of the Earth’s radius expansion is:

V_R = 2588/2500 = 1.035 km/million years.

The physical model of the evolution of the terrestrial globe.

It follows that the superdense cores of the Earth and the Moon were inherited by some earlier stage, from the stellar progenitor. The author suggested that in the beginning of the evolution the size of the Earth coincided with the size of the Earth’s inner core, i.e. the Earth’s inner core was the terrestrial globe itself. The suggestion of the superdensity of the Earth’s inner core lets not take into account its downsizing during the evolution (?).

R_y = 1250 km

∆R_у = 6371 -1250 = 5121 km

Т_z = 5121/1.035 = 4948 million years ago.

Slightly less than 5 billion years ago the evolution of the terrestrial globe started. This result the author considers to be more reliable than the conventional one - 4.6 billion years. Since the conventional Earth’s age was determined by the age of the most ancient rocks of the Earth, the Moon and meteorites it follows that the age was defined without taking into account the period when the Earth’s surface was in hot liquid state. The author suggests that originally the surfaces of the Earth and the Moon were composed of very hot liquid magma. The cores of the Earth and the Moon expanded the areas of the emitting surfaces by generating some volume of the normal matter. That is why the process of slow cooling of the Earth and the Moon took place. After 548 million years after the beginning of the evolution the surface temperature of the Earth fell as low as 2663° С. [Internet message] “Until now the oldest age for the granite was considered to be 4 billion years. But analyzing the Jack-Hills zircon it was found out that it was formed much earlier. The scientists dated the granite sample by extracting 20 mkm³ of the zircon out of it and measuring the isotopic composition of lead on the extremely sensitive ion microprobe (the lead which was formed after the radioactive decay of uranium is meant). It turned out that the zircon’s age is 4.4 billion years. Perhaps our planet represented the one magmatic “ocean”…”, “The zircon (zirconium silicate) consists of ZrO₂ (63%) and SiO₂ (32%). This is the natural mineral with the density of 4,6 g/sm³. The melting temperature is 2600° С”. But since the melting temperature of zirconium oxide ZrO₂ is 2700° С., the zircon consolidation started with the consolidation of zircon dioxide. Taking into account the fact that the part of 63% from the mineral’s composition began to accumulate uranium decay products starting at 2700° С., it can be concluded that the temperature of the beginning of uranium decay products accumulating by zircon was 2663° С and not 2600° С.

[the Internet message] “The liquid water already appeared on the Earth 3.8 billion years ago judging by the presence of remainders deposited in the aqueous medium in the rocks of the same age in Greenland. It follows that the condensation of the water vapor which was present in the atmosphere has started by that time”.

That means that 600 million years after the beginning of the refractory rocks consolidation the temperature of the Earth’s surface dropped to 100 degrees and lower (without taking into account the pressure of that time and therefore the water boiling-point). Here it is possible to define the average temperature reduction rate of the Earth’s surface:

V_t = (2663° -100°)/600 = 4.272 degrees/million years

That means that at the beginning of the evolution the terrestrial globe had the following surface temperature:

Tem₄₉₄₈ = 2663° + 548* 4.272 = 5004° С.

Four billion years ago the temperature of the Earth’s surface dropped up to the granite consolidation temperature:

Tem₄₀₀₀ = 2 663° – 400*4.272 = 954°.

Indeed, the granite melting temperature is 950°. “Under the pressure 1 atmosphere the granite melting temperature equals to 950° С. and it increases with the increase of pressure”.

The Earth’s radius then increased up to R₄₀₀₀ = 6371 - 4000*1.035 = 2231 km.

The Earth’s surface area increased up to S₄₀₀₀ = 62.5 million km².

175 million years after the beginning of rocks consolidation the volcanic activity occured. [The Internet message] “The earliest volcanic rocks on the Earth were discovered by Canadian geologists in the North of Quebec province. Their age dates 3,825 billion years. The discovery was made on the bank of the Hudson Bay during the cartographical works. The age of the rocks which occupied an area of 16 square kilometers was found thanks to isotope analysis”.

25 million years after that the temperature of the Earth’s surface dropped to 100° and lower, the first shallow ocean emerged, it covered the whole Earth’s surface since the Earth’s surface relief was feebly marked because of the crust’s thinness, mantle’s ductility and high values of the gravity. [The Internet message] “The age of the ancient rocks where the carbon a fortiori of the organic origin was found (in the carbon which ever took part in photosynthesis reaction, the ratio of isotopes ¹²C и ¹³C changes irreversibly) makes up... 3.8 billion years. We should admit the number is big itself but there is one more important complementary fact. The point is that Isua formation in Greenland where this graphitized organic carbon was discovered is at the same time the most earliest sedimentary rock ever found on Earth. Hence, the first reliable traces of life on Earth appear together with the first reliable traces of water”.

That means only one thing – the life occurred beyond the bounds of the Earth and was brought to our planet together with meteorites.
[The Internet message] “The scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the USA, informed they managed to discover traces of the nonterrestrial life in the meteorite which fell 31 years ago not far from Melbourne. These are the fossilized microorganisms which were found in the meteorite which dates 4.6 billion years. The discoverer, the Head of the Astrobiology Department of the NASA Richard Huver claimed that he had proofs of the presence in the meteorite of the bacteria cells similar to those found in the Antarctica”.         

At once a question arose: how was life brought onto meteorites? And the question of the meteorites origin. In order to answer these questions the author tried to imagine logically the further development of our planet. With the development of the planet, the depth of its crust-mantle shell constantly grows. Sufficiently developed deep shell of the planet can restrain the planet’s accretion for some time at the expense of the growth of the inner strain. This can result in burst and throwing out the crust-mantle shell. To prove this the author wants to give an example: the experiment with the cast-iron retort filled with water which explodes during the fast refrigerating in liquid nitrogen. It happens because of the inner strain which occurs due to water expansion while transition from liquid to solid phase. Thereby the crust shell of the planet which has life appears in space in the form of asteroids and meteorites. The life on these meteorites after they falls on the young planet’s surface and waits for the appropriate circumstances necessary for the life’s revival. It turns out that we are all aliens by origin. Therefore the life in space is virtually immortal.

The author regards the crust-mantle shell of the Earth as a single object which forms as a result of the natural development of the terrestrial globe. Thus, at the beginning the crust was very thin and the mantle shell was very hot and ductile which with the increase of the Earth’s size led to stretching and thinning of the mantle. That is why the Earth’s surface was covered with plenty of volcanoes which erupted vast quantities of the volcanic matter. [The Internet message] “…the primordial atmosphere emerged from gaseous products of the eruptions; its composition can be studied through the chemical analysis of the gas samples which are “immured” in the bags of the ancient rocks. The examined samples which are dated over 3.5 billion years contain about 60% of carbon dioxide and the rest 40% - are the sulphides (hydrogen sulphide and sulfur dioxide gas), ammonia as well as hydrogen chloride and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Small amounts of nitrogen and rare gases were also found there”. Thus, 3.5 billion years ago the whole Earth’s crust consisted of the sulphur-gneiss rocks.

250 million years after that the greenstone belts begin to form – (Bibikova and others, 1982) [4] “ ... The discovery of the plagiogranites dated 3.25 billion years along the Onot river let the scientists speak for the first time about wide spreading of the tonalite-trondhjemite associations in the region. The rocks of the Onot greenstone belt date for the trog linear (paleorift) regions of spreading of the early sialon tonalite-trondhjemite crust”.

The Earth’s radius expanded then up to: R₃₂₅₀ = 6371 - 3250*1.035 = 3007.25 km.

The Earth’s surface area expanded up to: S₃₂₅₀ = 113.587 million km².

The dome’s curvature relatively to the modern Earth’s curvature was:

Sin X = (D₀ –D₃₂₅₀)/20000 = (12742 – 6014.5)/20000 =0.3364;

X = 19.66°.

The modern name of these domes are nuclears (Y.G.Kats and others) [5]. “The emergence of the satellite photographs on the global generalization level let scientists define unknown earlier circular formations of huge sizes (several thousands kilometers in diameter) in the Earth’s lithosphere. The discovery of these formations is probably connected with the natural generalization of the geological composition details which are clearly represented on small-scale materials of satellite photographs. These structures can be traced only within the bounds of the ancient platforms – the most stable parts of the Earth’s lithosphere. Originally these circular formations were studied and described in detail by Soviet geologists E.V.Pavlovsky, M.Z.Glukhov, V.M.Moralev on the example of Baltic Shield the Siberian platform”, “As a rule, all known nuclears are rimmed by Precambrian greenstone belts on the outside where they are most penetrable. They can be found on all Earth’s continents”.

[5] Table 2. Nuclears of the Earth’s continents

 * SP — satellite photographs, G — geological-geophysical and М — geological-morphological data.

 The author has calculated the areas of the nuclears using the area of a circle formula S = π(D/2) ², where D – the size of the maximum nuclear’s axis. Solely calculating North-American nuclear the author had to take into account lack of the central aperture which size is approximate to the size of the South-Chinese nuclear.

 S_sa = 3.14*(3800/2)² – 3.14*(1200/2)² = 10.25 million km².

Total: the sum of the Earth’s nuclears areas equals to 73.2 million km². But in this sum the part of the nuclears area covered with younger rocks because of their curvature has not been taken into account. The author believes that correlation of proportions of the modern continents to their shelves suits for the calculation of the covered part of nuclears:

149.1 million km² – 81.6 million km²

73.2 million km² - S_NS million km²

S_NS = (73.2*81.6)/149.1 = 40.1 million km²

Thus, the total area of the nuclears is S_N = 73.2+40.1 = 113.3 million km².

This is the area of the Earth’s surface 3250 million years ago – at the beginning of the greenstone belts formation.

рис. 5.  Fundamental model of the rift trough

Further expansion of the Earth’s radius tore and the brittle part of the crust and stretched the ductile part of the crust and the mantle. Picture 5.

The rifts of the greenstone belts were formed, they were filled with water, that is why the part of the Earth’s surface upwelled and stopped depositing sediments. The accumulation of the sediments started in the rifts of greenstone belts. At the same time the process of magma extraction from the thinning part of the ductile crust took place. These processes gradually filled the capacities of rift cracks extracting water on some new level. The magma extraction process after all led to the condensation of the newly-formed and early crust. The greenstone belts formed this way. The process of stretching and condensation also recurred on the subsequent levels of the Earth’s development. After the change of the several generations of greenstone belts the Archaean level of evolution was over with mass occurrence of granite formation 3.0 – 2.5 billion years ago.

The author has calculated the time when the sizes of the terrestrial globe amounted to the sizes of the modern Earth’s outer core:

∆T = 2900/ 1.035 = 2802 million years ago,

where 2900 km – is the depth of the modern crust-mantle shell.

The radius of the Earth increased then up to R₂₈₀₂ = 6371 - 2900 = 3471 km.

The Earth’s surface area increased up to S₂₈₀₂ = 151.32 million km².

The radius of 3471 km is an important stage in the Earth’s development because before this radius the Earth’s outer core and the Earth’s crust increased proportionally at some point. At the same time the ductile mantle experienced stretching and thinning. But the temperature transition of the mantle basalts consolidation under high pressures was on this lower mantle’s border. That means that this is the border of the mantle’s thermal isolation properties which maintain the materials of the outer core in liquid state. It follows that later on the outer core stops growing and it is the mantle and the oceanic crust that grow. Due to the fact that the lithospheric plates thickness is 220 km approximately and 30 km more of the transition layer (asthenosphere), it is possible to define the time of the beginning of the constant mantle thickness growth.

Т_mantle = 2802 – 250/1.035 = 2560 million years ago.

The Earth’s radius then expanded up to: R₂₅₆₀ = 6371 - 2560*1.035 = 3721.4 km.

The Earth’s surface area increased up to: S₂₅₆₀ = 174 million km².

This is the time of the lithospheric plates of the crystal platforms exposure. Owning to the fact that lithospheric plates’ mantle of the old crystal platforms developed during 1.4 billion years by means of stretching and slow increase of depth and that is why its composition differs from the mantle which began to form 2.56 billion years ago on the principle of the constant growth. That is why the transition layer between the old mantle and the younger mantle is not the asthenosphere in literal meaning. Hence there are no sufficient seismic proofs of the existence of the asthenosphere under the shields. At the beginning the crust-mantle shell as if did not notice the change of the principles of the mantle’s growth and the outer core growth and therefore continued to form the curvature of the ancient crystal Earth’s surface mechanically. And only 2.5 billion years ago the final curvature of the crystal platforms was formed.

As for the crust-mantle shell it had the depth only:

∆R_km = R₂₅₀₀ – R₂₈₀₂ =3783 – 3471 = 312 km.

In the article “The depths of the Earth – what are they like?” the academician Y.M. Pushcharovsky gives the results of works done by A.M.Dzivonsky and G.Woodhouse from the Harvard University. According to the results of the seismic tomography they managed to make a map of seismic waves transmission anomaly on three levels: 1300, 2300 и 2750 km. “Actually on all levels the low-velocity Pacific area is prominent. That means that the largest Pacific heterogeneity has very deep root which almost reach the Earth’s core”.

The author has calculated the period of the opening of the Paleoasiatic Ocean. The beginning of the opening is the end of the crystal platform formation, i.e. 2500 million years ago. The duration of the opening can be calculated through the difference between the area of the modern continents platforms, the area of the ancient crystal platforms and the rate of difference rise.

The total area of the modern continents platforms:

S_pk = 149.1 + 81.6 = 230.7 million km².

The radius can be found:

R_pk = _√ (S_pk/4π) = 4 286 km

∆ R_pk = 4 286 – 3783 = 503 km

∆T = 503/1.035 = 486 million years

or 2500 – 486 = 2014 million years ago.

The opening of the Paleoasiatic Ocean was in fact the leaf opening of the crust-mantle shell of the Earth’s northern hemisphere.

“Endogenous activity is periodic. It set conditions for the presence of the Earth’s large pulses with the alternate predominance of the magmatism which fixes stretching and the volcanism which fixes the predominance of condensation. This periodicity defines the presence of magmatic and tectonic cycles”.

In reality two levels of the same process are understood under the term “pulse”. They are the crust-mantle opening and the filling of the opened troughs of the rifts under the pressure, moreover, the effect of condensation of the old and new crust takes place while filling the troughs. That is why the mountains in Asia continue to grow.

2014 years ago the multilevel leaf opening of the crust-mantle shell of the Earth’s southern hemisphere started.

The global asymmetry of Earth is well-defined on the terrestrial globe and on the tectonic world map by the clear isolation of continental and oceanic hemispheres. Then the question arises: why is the ocean floor maximum age not more than 180 million years? The explanation is simple. The two processes take place simultaneously: stretching and the opening of the crust and the filling of troughs by basalts. That is why the rift’s age should not necessarily coincide with the rift’s floor age. According to the conclusion made by the academician Y.M Pushcharovsky – “The Earth is characterized by its global structural heterogeneity. Two segments can be differed in its bounds: one of them, which includes the Pacific Ocean and the Pacific tectonic belt rimming it, is characterized by the high degree of mobility and penetrability of the tectonosphere. In the other segment all ancient platforms dividing their geosynclinal-folded belts and secondary oceans are situated. It follows from this opposition that two parts should be developed by different ways for a very long time”.

In the picture 6 the thrust of the newly formed oceanic crust on the lithospheric continental plate can be seen clearly. The conventional model of the plates tectonics – the spreading of the oceanic lithosphere takes place due to the rise of the basalt magma which is molted from the mantle. Convection flows carry lithospheric plates apart and draw them back into the mantle [2] picture 7.

Picture 7

The model of the accretive Earth according to the author’s conception.

Picture 8. Form the picture it can be seen that the two processes take place simultaneously: the Earth’s accretion and filling the formed capacities by basalt. In that connection the filling continues in the following ways: the first – due to extracting of the oceanic crust upward in the whole and the second – due to extracting of the basalt through the mid-oceanic ranges.

Picture 8

The first is the main process of the filling (the Pacific Ocean and the Pacific tectonic belt rimming it). And thanks to the second process the oceanic floor is renewed. The most interesting thing is that these processes in the history of the Earth’s development already took place during the Paleoasian ocean’s opening. In Picture 3 it can be seen that the repeating oncoming oceanic crust thrust created orogenes along the continental slope.

The melting of the mantle’s edge of the continental lithosphere takes place along the border of the oceanic asthenosphere and the mantle of the continental lithosphere. Besides, the lower from the Earth’s surface the higher the temperature of the asthenosphere and the more melted the continental lithosphere mantle’s edge. The cut of the downhole seismic tomography shows that the division between the continental mantle and the oceanic asthenosphere traces up to 2800 km depths. (E.E.Milanovsky) [7] “The results of the latest seismo-tomographic researches which let us radiograph the Earth’s interior right up to the core surface showed that there is the upper mantle under all spreading belts and under some of them there is a lower mantle or its upper part which are characterized by abnormally low (for the corresponding depths) velocities of the seismic waves transmitting. It denotes of the reduced density and the increased temperatures which let us suggest that there are ascending streams of warmth and depth material under these belts.”

Conclusion: The proper conception about the terrestrial globe evolution is of a great importance not only for Geology but for all science in general. Due to the fact that the Earth is a cosmic object, the right conception of the Earth’s evolution gives us the key to understanding the laws of the stars and Galaxies development. It is very opportunely nowadays because the problems of the dark matter and the dark energy occurred due to the wrong conception of the central part of the Galaxy by physics. The modern physics does not consider the core of the Galaxy - Galaxy-generating and that is why it can not answer the seemingly simple question – why don’t the spiral arms of Galaxies fly away?

Literature:

1. Monitoring and forecasting of the geophysical processes. Shelf-slope. Internet library.
2. Children’s encyclopedia. Geology. Moscow “AVANTA+” 1995.
3. W. Kerry “In Search of the mechanism of the Earth’s and the Universe development”, Moscow, Mir, 1991, pages 162, 290
4. Bibikova E.V., Khilyatova V.Y., Gracheva T.V. and others, The age of the greenstone belts of Prisayanie, Reports of the Academy of Science of the USSR, 267, (5), 1171-1174, 1982.
5. Kats Y.G., Poletaev A.I., Sulidi-Kondratyev E.D. Circular structures of the planet’s face.
6. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.E. Khain “Strengths which created the unique look of our planet”.
7. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Е. Е. Milanovsky “Riftogenesis and its role in the Earth’s development”.
      

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