Taking as a fact [1] the presence of the ether in the Universe, united quasi-isotropic, practically incondensible and ideal elastic medium, being the main basic matter, the carrier of the whole energy, all processes, occurring in the Universe, and taking for the base of beliefs about it working model [2-6], presenting it in the manner of twocomponent medium - corpuscular and phase, we will consider the bases of ethereal theory of conduction. We will show that theory of electronic conduction of Drude-Lorentz and zonal theory of conduction are artifacts. Within the framework of developing by present author theory of ether [1-6], model of ethereal electron offered earlier, this paper presents new theory of conduction based on pair-electronic motion.

The physicists-theorists, whom are necessary to name the mathematicians in physics, prone to "curvature", whether curvature of space, volume, velocity, time or curvature of energy levels. To postulative and, consequently, ungrounded notion of curvature, theorists recall any time as soon as their speculative theorizing does not fit with real facts.

Existing during 100 years artifact theory of conduction of Drude-Lorentz, postulating the presence of electronic gas in metals, peacefully gets along with that, that the monstrous 10^{4 o}K temperature of electrons and corresponding to this temperature a pressure follows from its postulates. In the same time since Rutherford epoch it is known that atom is practically empty, that is to say the whole its volume excluding nucleus, which is 10^-15 part of its volume, forms by electrons, and that exactly electrons are a "glue" that clamps the atoms in molecules, and molecules into solid and liquid bodies.

Speculative N. Bohr's moving of planetary system properties on to atom also does not bear any critics. For century as well as is not received any distinct answer to that, what forces hold the electrons on its "orbits", why they do not radiate, how the atoms unite between itself and preserve the laws of thermodynamics?

Hereinafter unimproved practice of logical nonsence is continued. The properties, aplying only to statistical ensemble, were applyed illegitimate to single electron. The experiment on diffraction of single electron was counted as the victory of this approach. Though, logical incompetence of single electron statistics was remained. Instead acknowledgement of the fact, that medium, which similar as air or water, acts on path of electron, and instead acceptance, that the shock wave, which spreading from particles and reflecting from obstacles, influences upon path of particles, there was appearing of the next "logical twist": electron is the wave, and the particle at the same time, the laws of macrocosm do not act within microcosm.

Instead acknowledgement of moving of particles within original medium - aether, theory of which was already well developped, artifact pseudo-theories, supported by complex mathematics, hiding their absurdity were offered.

In paper [7] there was shown that electrons are strictly still at least in transparent materials. The effects of that is an absence of Bohr's orbits within atom. And we must search another explanation for electronic shells in atoms.

In the same paper the ethereal model of atom was offered. It doesn't need in rolling electrons and logically inconsistent notion of electron as wave and particle simultaneously. Using of this model has allowed to forecast denseal and optical characteristics of transparent materials with fine accuracy.

In works [3, 8] there was shown that it is possible to present electron, as electrified ether domains with praised electromagnetic wave in mode of full internal reflection. Herewith, offered model has explained the change of electron capture section, as change of its size on tension of electrostatic field, but spin, as a rotation of elementary electric charge on surface of this ethereal domain.

In that place, there was shown that phenomenon of electric conduction on direct current in metals and semiconductors is described by moving ethereal electronic pairs, but not by solitary electrons. This pairs are differring from notion of "Cooperian pair" in its size. Ethereal pair has a size of order 3·10^-15 [m], but not 10^-10 [m] and more, as in "wave theory" of electron. Due to this feature of electronic pair substance is permeable for ethereal pairs, and phenomenon of superconductivity and superfluidity exist.

By realized studies allow to say: the zonal theory is an artifact, because free electrons does not exist, and, consequently, does not exist "conduction band" in metals.

The Atoms of metals, on its nature, are donors of electronic pairs. Being efficient carriers of electrical charge, pulse and, consequently, heat, electronic pairs, even in measly concentration 10⁵ - 10¹² [cm^-1] will bring high electric conductivity and specific heat for metals. So low concentration defines their practically zero contribution to specific heat of metals, which has the jump when turning to superconductivity in connection with sharp increasing the amount of electronic pairs.

At room temperature the life time of electronic pairs is measly, and forms value of order 10^-4 - 10^-8 [s] depending on material. Origining on donor atom (two nearby atoms) from valence electrons, electronic "Cooperian" pair carries away from that atoms the pulse and electrical charge, which will send to "acceptor" atoms at the moment of its ruins.

The destruction of electronic pair derives from thermodynamic interaction with electrons of atom. So temperature T_e of lasts is defining for pair life time. By preliminary evaluation of author a threshold of stability of electronic pair, that is to say critical temperature of substance T_sc, lower of which life time of electronic pairs sharply increases is

T_sc = 1.148 ·T_e

The phenomenon of superconductivity approaches if the temperature of material falls lower this temperature, below which electronic pairs do not decay.

So, at each temperature a conductivity, according to our model supports by electronic "Cooperian" pairs.

As we already have realized, Cooperian pair carries fixed amount of heat (thermal energy) and have practically fixed pulse at birth. If thermal conductivity of metals depends basically from motion of these pairs, that, naturally, there was consider that carrying the heat is proportional to amount of born pairs and its average life time. If critical temperature of superconductivity and superfluidity by some way depends from composition and structures of material, that the structure of atoms and structure of crystal lattice define these values. Let's try to understand this.

For that, it is necessary to define notions of heat, heat capacity and heat conduction, in which historically formed terminological and dimensional mess.

where m_i - is a mass of i-th particle;
      v_i - is a velocity of i-th particle;
      v_o - is the velocity of hole ensemble.

This measure is positive on determination. It is applicable to ensemble of particles only, where correct statistical estimations only (where the Law of Large Numbers is working). Using to it other units than Joules [J], for instance, calories, fraught by mess and inconsistency of physical units. Using the base velocity of particles v_o, counted out only from part of bounded ensemble will be incorrect. However if we want to know, how two and more apriori practically insulated ensemble will interact, it will be possible to speak about thermodynamics of its interaction, expression for which, however, more complex than (1).

Entropy is information measure of difficulty, chaos, behaviour freedom of particles ensemble

where p_j is probability of j-th status of particles system.

Traditionally in thermodynamics it is defined as integral of incrementation of heat, correlated to determined level of temperature T

Calculation of entropy in other units, than bit or nit, for instance, [J/^oK] or [Cal/ ^oK] leads to dimensional mess and hiding its essence.

Temperature. The Notion of temperature is background in thermodynamics due to its invariance to concrete forms of matter, allowing study energy of these forms, compare its thermodynamic parameters and get information on characteristics of these forms of matter even though they are inaccessible for direct observation.

While heat and entropy are distributed and additive (extensive) properties of matter, temperature is intensive local parameter, characterizing intensity of energy-informational exchange in observed point [5]:

where dQ - is incrementation of heat energy [J];
      dS - incrementation of entropy [nit].
    k - is Boltzmann constant, factor of recalculation of temperature from [J/nit] into Kelvin degrees, 1 ^oK = 1.38 ∙10^-23 [J/nit] = 2.0∙10^-23 [J/bit].

Since particles of matter can have absolutely different mass, but under its collisions the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are executed, that absolutely different velocities of particles for the same temperature are corresponding. Conversely, at restriction of degrees of freedom of one type of particles by others (dependent motion with united velocity), their temperature will be different.

According to the second law of thermodynamics in systems, where is no "Maxwell's daemon", that is to say nonlinear sorter of particles upon their energy, heat is always goes from hot body to cool. Thereby, signs dQ and dS always the same that stands to remember everyone, who tries to speak about negative temperature.

Heat Capacity is an informational integral measure of structured difficulty of substance. It defines total numbers of freedom degree materials inside, being capacity for heat - kinetic energy of particles.

C = dQ / dT [nit], [bit] = dQ/kdS [J / ^oK],

where dQ – is incrementation of heat energy [J];
      dT – is incrementation of temperature [J/nit], [^oK].
      k – is Boltzmann constant, factor of recalculation of temperature from [J/nit] into Kelvin degrees, 1 ^oK = 1.38 ∙10^-23 [J/nit] = 2.0∙10^-23 [J/bit].

Specific Heat quantifies degrees of freedom (information capacity) of volume unit [m³, mole, atom, crystal lattice unit]

where dC – is incrementation of heat capacity [nit];
      dV – is incrementation of volume [m³].

In denominator it is reasonable to use natural units of material - particles, atoms, molecules and three-dementional periods of crystal lattice, since only in that case the relationship between parameter and numbers of freedom degree is revealled.

Thermal conductivity is thermodynamic measure of ability of material to conduct the heat

K = (dQ / dT) dx/(dS dt) [nit / ms], [J m/ ^oKm²s]

where dx/dt – is a velocity of moving the heat [m/s];
      dS – square to which heat transfer happens [m²].

After analysis of thermodynamic notions becomes clear that empirical found formulas, in which off-balancing degrees k and T, are invalid or untrue interpretted (it is impossible to use the factor of recalculation in other times, than recalculated parameter).

In 20-th centure thermodynamics, as a rule, the homogeneous thermodynamic systems are considered, on characteristics of whichs the generalizations were built. However considering all material as ensembles of "flying balls", abstracting from internal structure of material, we turn out to be in captivity of false generalizations, as L. Szilard's and J. Neyman's theorems.

Real particles of matter are not free and identical "balls", for which, for instance, expression for velocity, following from (1) is true

here b – is some constant factor.

As a result, balls of different mass, forming ideal gas, have different velocity, but the same temperature (2).

Just we sway from "ball" model, we will get absolutely other result, for instance, by means of restriction freedom degrees of one of types of balls by threads, linking them with balls of other type. In this case average velocity of both types of balls will be practically the same, but the temperature will be different.

When sizes (the mass) of particles differ on much decimal places, it is reasonable to speak about different and independent temperature, since process of relaxation of such thermodynamic systems practically endless.

The concrete example, referring to our case, is heterogeneous system: atoms - electrons - ether domains - amers.

The amer has a size 1.6 ∙10^-35 [m], in 10²⁰ times less than size of standard ethereal domain, nucleon, electronic pair. The sizes of the lasts in 10⁵ times lesser than atom. Excluding fine inertial and gravitational effects, the ether is masseless. Electrons have the mass in 10⁴ times lesser than atom.

Unlike atoms and nucleons, electron, as it is discovered in [7,8] presents itself ethereal domain, sprained by electric force into the most fine film, plane of which always turns around normal to vector of electric field, but diameter of which is defined by tension of this field in place of location of electron. Radius of electron can vary from classical radius 2.8 ∙10^-15 [m] up to Rydberg radius - 10^-7 [m]. So its kinetic characteristics sharply different from characteristics of ball and it has other numbers of freedom degree, changing depending on its positions, relationships with atoms and type of crystal lattice.

The temperature of material comparatively well studied. It is measurable, everybody works with it. Lets skip it.

The temperature of empty ether, as it is discovered by author in [5] is strictly constant, T_o = 2.723 ^oK, its thermodynamic time of relaxation, found by author in [4], equal to Anastasia's constant, A = 13.4∙10⁹ years = 1/H, H - is Hubble constant. The stability of light velocity in empty ether is defined by constancy of this value.

The temperature of ether within substance, such ether domains, as electrons, binding with substance, is changed quickly, but differs from substance temperature by reason of "non-ball" thermodynamic relationships [prof. Preobrazhenski].

In substance the temperature of ether differs from the temperature of empty ether and, as it is shown in [5,7], can be both higher and lower than temperature of empty ether. Ether thermodynamic parameters: velocity of light propagation, ether dynamic density and its temperature are uniquely bound with each other that confirms ancient law of refraction of light

c_s = c_e/n, n = D_s/D_e = D, T_ether=T_oD,

where c_s – is light velocity within substance;
      c_e - is light velocity in empty ether;
      n - is substance refraction factor comparatively ether;
      D_s – is ether dynamic density in substance;
      D_e - is dynamic density of emty ether;
      T_ether – is a temperature of ether in substance;
      D – is a transformation factor of dynamic density.

For understanding lets illustrate this general regularity on concrete example of superconductivity.

In transparent materials the temperature of ether practically uniquely defines by optical density - factor of refraction. For metals, other opaque materials, materials with strong anisotropy the situation is more complex, because it is necessary to take into account the dispersion and geometry of light way. However and for that materials situation is practically unambiguous. For see that, please, look at table 1, where parameters of superconductivity and optical density of simple materials was shown. Since these materials have simple construction, that turn ratio D of ether temperature, definied by structure of material (the crystal lattice, numbers of freedom degree), presents the uncomplicated fraction. The sense of factor D is similar to notion of specific heat (3), considered above, being on its nature by purely information measure.

Table 1. Dependency T_sc of superconductivity from ether temperature T_e

Brought table is an acknowledgement of ether thermodynamics, proposeded by author, model of electron and is pair-electronic conductivity.

However for decisive understanding of this model it is necessary some revision in general physical notions else.

As already there was noted above, substance is electrons. Practically all characteristics of substance are defined by electron properties.

How it is shown by present author studies [7,8], in solid transparent materials electrons are absolutely still and have enough "isotropic" location to provide the transparency. It is possible to spread the conclusion about its practical stillness on to opaque materials. The difference consists only in that its valence electrons have the small degree of freedom or anisotropy for obstacle to passing of light. By magnetic force of its own current loops, valence electrons completely fasten the adjacent atoms of material. Exactly this is explained mechanical toughness and bounce of form of solids. The electrons in them have not any degree of freedom.

In fluid materials magnetic force of valence electrons allow the atoms to make limiteded motion, not breaking these magnetic relationships.

In gases the intermolecular relationships of electrons are violated, and molecules can "fly" liberally.

There are three states of electron, corresponding to three phases of substance:

• solid, hard bound, in which they are completely limited,
• the state of flexible relationship, when they can make motion of "threads" or "weaver's matter", slide down from one atom to another.
• absence of intermolecular relationship.

There are three level of electrons energy, corresponding to its syates and phase transitions.

Classical physics defines chemical potential, as indicative energy of any thermodynamic states (phases) of substance, as partial derivative of phase thermodynamic potential on numbers of moles of this state

Practically this is indicative energy of electrons, defining by its state in substance.

Thereby all phase transitions in substance there are turning the electrons in material - from one state into another.

Now lets consider conduction not from standpoint of artifact "zonal theory", but from classical thermodynamic positions.

According to offered by author jumping model of conduction [8], conduction current in metals and semiconductors is provided by electronic "Cooperian" pairs, existing during small time, but having large penetrating ability and velocity in substance.

Turning the electron from valence condition into condition of free electronic pair and back is first-kind phase transition.

There is validity of classical Clapeyron-Clausius equation for two-phase single component equilibric system [9]

It is possible to copy equation (5) into probabilistic terms for one free particle, changing pressure by probability of present state and considering Φ = const that naturally for first-kind transition

Mathematically that is equivalent of Fermi-Dirac distribution

However the last, artifactly interpreted, as presence of a zero-temperature oscillations of electron, has brought the physics in the dead-end of new paradoxes and absurdities.

To tell true, in this case there is turning the kinetic energy into potential and conversely in Carnot cycle. But potential energy, how follows from determination of the temperature (2), has no any relation to temperature value.

Lets try to correct this sad situation, holding up non-distorted cognition of Nature and development of new technologies.

According to offered by author pair-electronic jumping model of conduction [8], conduction current in metals and semiconductors is provided by electronic "Cooperian" pairs, existing during small time, but having large penetrating ability and velocity in material.

Origining as a result of merging of two electrons of external valence shell of atom - donor, that is to say atom, having open valence shell (the metal, semi-metal, semiconductor), electronic pair, gaining mechanical pulse, moves through material up to its destruction. In place of destruction it divides on two electrons once again. And electrons are captured by external shells of nearby atoms.

The interaction of magnetic fields of electrons - motion of elementary (amereal) electrical charge along perimeter of ethereal domain - electron, there is that force, which couples electrons into pair, reducing its sizes upto value less than 10^-14 [m].

The interaction of electric fields and the temperature of surrounding materials destroy coupled pair of electrons.

Large flow of these pairs, having high penetrating ability, creates flow of heat and conduction current, in statistics complying with Ohm's Law

Deterministic part of vector of electronic pair pulse at moment of its origining is defined by asymmetry of crystal lattice and vector of electric field, but casual part is defined by heat fluctuations.

For avoiding the overloading the article, who interest in details of this model, please, look at [8], but below we will consider the concrete cases of using of this theory.

We note only that we will use feature of electron to change their own size (radius of this fine film) depending on tension of electrostatic field

Is it possible to explain the observed physical phenomena by means of proposed ethereal theory, not refering to artifact of zonal theory and not applying to nonexistent electrons of conductivities? Lets try.

For discovering the concrete features of proposed model we will consider the process of semiconductor junction overcoming by electronic pair. As is well known, p-n, p-i junction present itself by narrow border area - "locking layer" charged like electric capacitor. On the one side of it the layer with abundance of valence electrons, complementing dopping atoms up to complete electronic shell exists, but on another, on the contrary, the layer without valence electrons in dopped atoms of other kind of conductivity. This fine transitional layer becomes look like valence dielectric such as, Na⁺Cl ^- , non-conducting electric current.

"Spare" electrons of junction are a barrier for conductivity. Density (electric resistance) of this barrier depends on common square of forming its electrons, account per unit of surfaces of barrier

where R – is radius of electron from (7);
      N – is amount of electrons per unit of surface of barier.

The radii of electrons decrease with increasing of tension of electric field, acting on junction. N is a function attached to turning the voltage, thereby that N decreases for direct current and increases for inverse. As a result we get close to square-law volt-ampere characteristic of direct current

I = U/R_np = U²/ s₁ [A],

up to disappearance of barrier, after which resistance of chain is defined by semiconductor base, and it is close to square root - for inverse current

I = U/R_np = √U/ s₂ [A],

here s₁, s₂ = const – is factors, depending from direction of current and material of junction [V Ohm].

These dependencies much cloder to real, than got from zonal theory.

Presence of rectifying characteristics of junction does not depend on sign of difference of material works on escaping, how it would be follow from zonal theory, but is defined only by presence of barrier, consisting of ionized atoms.

The thickness of locking layer increases when the inverse voltage increase, not because of twist of nonexistent "zones", but from increasing the layers of atoms, attracted by action of electric field in ionization, upbuilding external shell of atom to filling shell or, on the contrary, depriving electrons of valence shell of atom.

As it is seen, given model does not need of presence "conduction bands", but only in presence of "ions" of locking layer.

At excess of tension of electric field of locked p-n junction the value of threshold of electronic pair origining from external "ionized" shell of atom the field breakdown occurs. It will be wrong to name it "tunnel" break-down, since there is no any tunnel. That is only imagination within the framework of artifact of zonal theory.

Exactly in accordance with this, there is sharp dog-leg on volt-ampere characteristics of locked junction. Exactly so Zener diode works, which voltage field breakdown is defined by toughness of relationship of valence electrons of locking layer ions.

Under more high tension, than level of origin field breakdown, the avalanche breakdown takes a place. That is connected with that electronic pairs at runaway in electrostatic field dislodge the new pairs from atomic shells.

Its explanation is not so differ from existing electronic theory if were not one essential particularity of pair-electronic conduction - exceedingly small size of electronic pair.

The possibility of forming exceedingly fine and, consequently, having a big specific power, current cords, is bound with this rpoperty. That current cords forming by Ampere force. Appearing current cords bring with other interesting and unexplained with standpoint of Fermi-Dirac-Schrцdinger physics phenomenas.

Now we go to phenomenas, which can not explain by emptily-relativistic and logically twisted physics.

Within the framework of proposed model there was naturally to expect that high tension of field in conductor or semiconductor must vent the electrons from external shells of atoms.

Actually, at tension 10⁶ [V/m] in silicon and 10⁵ [V/m] in germanium such exists in the manner of "detours of Ohm's Law" [9] that is to say sharp increase of specific conductivity. In metals, where energy of relationship between electrons far less, this phenomena must exist at tension 10³ – 10⁴ [V/m].

Its observation is complicated by that, that else before such level of tension of electric field a conductor decays under the action of Joulean heat, released by current. Is it possible to observe this phenomena really? Yes, it is. It is possible and long ago observed at least in three cases:

• big pulsed current flows through metal with high puls duration ratio, with puls time less than electronic pair life time;
• large radio-frequency current, generative skin-effect, flows through metal;
• large current flows through granular resistor with small contact land between grains.

Really these three cases are meeting together, intensifying effect each other.
Lets consider concrete examples.

Tesla's Transformer [10-11]. More than 100 years ago genious inventor Nikola Tesla created the high-tension line of transmission of electric energy, by which he sent, notwithstanding Ohmical calculations much greater energy. The step-up transformer with torned one conductor was the source of this line.

The circuit of such kind gives into load the short pulses of current, duration time of which less than life time of electronic pairs. Besides, since spectrum of frequencies of that line very high, the main current is concentrated in fine surface layer of conductor, that provides increase of current density - tension of field on the one hand, tap of Joulean heat from conducting surface - from another hand.

Golubev's spool of inductance [12]. Victor Golubev conducted experiments with radio-frequency spools of inductance of high Q-factor. He has found the reduction of ohmic resistance of spool under large resonance currents.

Avramenko Plug [13]. Stanislav Avramenko made the variant of Tesla's transformer, added to it diode rectifier. The last allows to get the greater pulsed current under relatively low voltage of transformer.
As this circuit is uncritical to ohmic resistance of line, that "violation of Ohm's Law" is observed.

Under high tension of electric field on border of metal - vacuum, the explosive emission of electrons, characterizing very-large-scale 10¹² - 10¹³ [A/m²] density of current in small area is appears.

Unexplained with standpoint of "zonal theory" such density of current can appear at interaction of electronic pairs of small size. Ampere force forms most fine current cords consisting of electronic pairs. Density of current in it is so, that it brings about destruction of electronic shells of atoms in small volume of material. The Temperature of this volume rises practically instant up to values of millions of degree. The boiling and micro-explosions occur in metal [14-22].

If current with density 10¹³ [A/m²] and higher will run through material at least a few time, that obviously, that electronic pairs of such density can "strip" not only valence, but also internal electronic shells of atom.

In that case atom nucleus becomes "nacked", and it is possible to happen nucleus reactions as both nuclei merging, and its disinteration under the action of electronic pairs flow, because size of electronic pair is equivalent to size of nucleon. Besides that, it will be natural K-capture and even double K-capture of electronic pair.

The employees of RNC "Kurchatov Institute" Urutskoev, Liksonov and Tsynoev [23] organized experiment on product study of electric discharge explosion of titanium wire in seald polyethylene balloon, pervaded by water.

As a result this experiment, there was revealled of origin of new chemical elements, earlier not been present in installation.

Amongst thats elements were be Na, Ca, Fe, Ni, Au, Pb.

The analysis electronic-wave and zonal electronic theories of Fermi - Dirac - Schrцdinger has revealled their discrepancy to physical nature of conduction phenomena.

Proposed ethereal model of conduction has allowed on-other and adequately explain the conduction in metals and phenomena of superconductivity.

It is found explanations to experiments of Nikola Tesla, S. Avramenko, V. Golubev, L. Urutskoev, V. Liksonov and V. Tsynoev.

Found forgiven relationship between critical temperature of superconductivity, specific heat and information measures of structured organization of material, optical density and velocity of light in material, opens the scientific alternative to a blind seeking for new superconductive materials.

Proposed theory makes clear the true nature of substance as forms of existance of ethereal electrons.