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Articles and Publication Physics Theoretical physics CONCEPTUAL NOTE TO CREATION THE GENERAL THEORY OF A FIELD
CONCEPTUAL NOTE TO CREATION THE
GENERAL THEORY OF A FIELD
© Valeriy I. Guzei
The address: an apartment 49, house 7, street
Mishougi, Kiev, Ukraine,
phone (380) (044) 573-19-04.
Office number (380) (044) 221-22-35, fax
220-93-13,
E-mail: Guzei@UPromKM.da-kyiv.gov.ua
"... Properties of our physical world we
will quite
be determined, if let's know a matter filling
this
world and its movement with current time…"
/A.A.Fridman, 23,6/
1. Movement and theory of a relativity
All nature environmental us, we perceive as
continuous movement of separate material bodies distinguished from environmental
space, having in weight and cooperating with each other.
Objective reality are not only body, but also
space, in which they move. But we can observe only bodies, and an ideal of a
physical explanation operating concepts, comparable with supervision, is the
picture of their movement. The movement is shown in change of distances between
bodies. The complete display of a reality in physics is, that we trace movement
of a body, its each point, in space, determining distance between bodies for
each moment of time.
Whether rather movement? Whether it is
possible to tell, what the speed of a body in relation to the Earth is its true,
absolute speed?
Is not present, because there are also other,
even more large-scale systems of readout. Earth goes about the axis and around
of the Sun. The Sun - around of a Galaxy, which also is in movement. Nobody
knows, as far as far this circuit actually can be continued movements. "Any
mechanical movement especially relative, for about moving this or that body in
space... It is possible to speak only in his relation to other body, which
undertakes as motionless" /4,47/.
However, theoretically as though there are two
ways to find out absolute movement. For this purpose it is possible to use
properties of light or various phenomena of inertia arising at change by a
driven body of a trajectory or speed. The last century of physics imagined space
by the filled special motionless and invisible substance - ether. Him considered
as the carrier of light waves. The ether filled in all world, has penetrated
into all material bodies. Considered, of time light is a wave movement, hence
there should be something, in what there are fluctuations. The ether is
motionless, and all bodies move through him. And therefore it would be possible
to measure absolute movement of a body on a difference of speeds of a light beam
in opposite directions.
In 1887 the scientists Michelson and Morley
have carried out experiences for a finding of absolute movement of the Earth,
however, despite of high accuracy of measurements of any difference in movement
of a light beam it was revealed not, that showed absence" of a ether wind".
To this result were surprised of physics all over the world. The set of various
explanations of this fact down to so strange as "transport of an ether by
the Earth" has appeared.
Reasoning about a wave, it was difficult to
not raise the question that changes. The scientists were sure that the ether and
changes, that the behaviour of electromagnetic waves in an ether is described by
the equations of Maxwell. But these equations in themselves, without any
mechanical interpretation, contain everything, that in the classical
electromagnetic theory matters for experiment. Therefore attempts of
construction of mechanical models were stopped. The occurrence of the special
theory of a relativity created by A.Einstein, has sped up death of the
mechanical theory of an ether. However, if the special theory of a relativity
has resulted A.Einstein in denying the concept of an ether, then he has restored
it in the General theory of a relativity. He wrote: "To deny an ether is,
at the end, means to accept, that the empty space has no any physical properties....
It is possible to tell, that the General theory of a relativity allocates space
with physical properties; Thus, in this sense the ether exists.
According to the General theory of a
relativity the space is impossible without an ether: really, in such space not
only the distribution of light would be impossible, but there could not be
scales and hours and there would be no spatial - temporary distances in physical
sense of a word. However, this ether cannot be imagined consisting from parts,
traced in time; precisely also to it it’s impossible to apply concept of
movement" /2,232/.
Up to A.Einstein an ether and space considered
as separate concepts. The space was only geometrical concept: it had absolute
ewklid’s property and made universal continuum, independent from a matter. The
ether was mechanical environment and on its condition the matter rendered
influence. A.Einstein has united concepts of an ether and space. But the space
at him now has properties dependent on a matter. This space he also names as an
ether or gravitational field. "Space..., from the point of view GTR (the
General theory of a relativity – aut.), not there is a space without a field,
but represents a special case of a field, when in the certain system of
coordinates, which in itself has no objective
meanings, the functions of a field have meanings not dependent on coordinates.
The empty space, that is, space without a
field does not exist. The space - time exists not in itself, but only as
structural property of a field" /11,84/.
However, not clear there was nevertheless
question that are material bodies, what their parity with a field and as they
move in space. The occurrence of quantum physics with new force has excited
interest of the scientists to properties of the microworld. In the same time
there are theories of de Breauile and Shredinger, which have tried to connect
concept of electromagnetic waves with elementary particles. Inspired by these
ideas A.Einstein wrote: "it seems authentic, that in a basis of the
consecutive theory of a field besides concept of a field there should not be no
concept concerning particles. The theory should be based only on the equations
in partial derivative and their decisions, free from infinities (singularities
– aut.)" /24,126/. However, as has appeared, to get rid from
singularities (potentials aspiring to infinity) was not so simply. And in a
consequence to A.Einstein it was necessary to recognize:
"There are serious objections against
opinion, that the atomistic character of a reality really can be satisfactorily
described by the differential equations (by the theory of a field)... Actually
till now we never managed theoretically to present particles with the help of
fields..." /24,80/.
A lot of time since then has passed, but also
now scientists argue that such of a particle, field, that such vacuum. Some
consider, that there are separately particles and fields, and separately vacuum:
E.Vikhman: "we speak about "vacuum",
demonstrating thus absence of interest by environment, in which there is a
distribution of waves" /8,383 /;
J.B.Zeldowich: "...As vacuum the space
refers to as, in which there are no free particles and fields." /12,644 /;
V.A.Ugarov: "...The electromagnetic waves
can be distributed in vacuum; ...For their distribution it is not required of
any material environment." /22,33 /;
L.D.Landau: "...The same general laws are
fair and for change of a direction of movement of particles moving at first
rectilinear in emptiness, then taking place through any electromagnetic field
and again leaving from this field in emptiness." /16,177 /;
There: "If tensor T ik
= 0 in some world point...
We can tell, that in this point there is no matter or electromagnetic field"
/16,362/.
Other scientists consider, that the vacuum has
properties "to create" material particles:
V.L.Ginsburg: "From the quantum point of
view exist zero fluctuations of all fields and, thus, concept about vacuum,
about physical "empty space" becomes even more substantial."
/11,95 /;
E.P.Levitan: "In vacuum there are no real
particles; the particles, which have appeared in it (for example, electron and
positron), have be immediately mutually annihilated, that is why speak not about
real, and about virtual (able will appear) particles. "/17,130 /;
However, all these representations about
substance, the field and vacuum lacks internal unity, philosophical judgement of
a nature of material movement. And between that we find at Goegel: "The
ether will not penetrate by itself everything, but it is all. "/10,109/.
2. Material systems and their elements
The world, environmental us, is complete
movements. Movement, as the form of life of a matter covers absolutely all
changes and processes in installed, beginning from simple moving and finishing
thinking. Speaking that the matter exists in space and time, we mean its spatial
- temporary change, that is felt by us as movement.
The elementary kind of movement - moving can
be divided into two classes depending on, whether there is an object near to
some average site or such site is not present. In the first case the moving is
considered oscillatory, in second - forward. Sometimes it is possible to
consider the same moving either forward, or oscillatory depending on the point
of view on the investigated phenomenon: so, the waves move on a surface of water,
but particles of water make only fluctuations concerning some average point.
Physics of XIX century considered, that there
is an absolute space, which does not depend on that, it is filled by a matter
whether or not. That is, the material bodies were represented by something
separate from space shipped in it. Naturally, what exactly therefore they tried
to find out " a ether wind " similarly to an air wind.
The large merit of A.Einstein consists that he
by development of the general theory of a relativity has united concepts of
space and matter, has shown, that the space is completely formed by a material
field. And from this with all necessity the conclusion about unity,
indissolubility of a material field followed, and also that it is impossible to
speak about substance and about a field as about different types of a matter. It
- only different condition of a matters distinguished by a degree of
heterogeneity and complexity of movement.
As all in the world is in constant movement,
it should be in a condition of continuous formation and disappearance various
heterogeneity of a material field. Hence, this of heterogeneity can somehow be
systematized. The valid knowledge begins only then, when from apparent global
chaos the natural phenomena are allocated.
Each heterogeneity in a material field can be
presented as individual, elementary turbulence of uniformity of a field. This
elementary turbulence are in constant interaction. The systems are formed of the
interconnected group of such turbulences (elements). Complexity and character of
this interaction determine internal structure of system, which these elements
make. The structure of system can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. In
non-uniform systems the groups of elements - subsystem with closer communication
are formed, than communication between subsystems. As the distinction between
structure of a subsystem and system quantitative, and between structure of an
element and system - qualitative, is possible to define a subsystem as
structural unit of system, and element - as unstructured unit.
In our world it is impossible to find systems,
which would cover by herself of all turbulences of a field, for always there
will be such supersystem, into which the system will be included as an element.
It follows from indissolubility, infinity of a matter. Also it is impossible to
find an element, which would not conclude in itself system, as the absence of
structure is an absence of the form, while any element is by itself the well
generated formation. However, this structurity of elements is relative, for, as
was already spoken, in relation to system its elements behave as unstructured
and indivisible. In it the dialectic unity of uninfinity and infinity of a
matter, divisibility of a spatial - time interval is shown.
The material world consists of an infinite
number of systems which are taking place in mutual communication, and it their
interaction is, actually, a movement.
3. Movement in space
Great philosopher of an antiquity, Aristotel,
so defined moving: "From kinds of movement most ordinary and in the sense
by movement is the movement in a place, which we define as moving. "/3,73/.
How it is possible to explain the phenomenon
of moving of material bodies, proceeding from unity and indissolubility of a
material field? On the one hand theory of a relativity proves, that the absolute
movement in space cannot be found out, on the other hand, from a continuity of a
matter follows, that separate "parts" of a matter can not come off the
place and begin to move, breaking off a field. It is clear, that any material
body can not become independent from other bodies, from interaction with a
uniform field, which integral part this body is by. And nevertheless, we notice
moving material bodies varying the spatial place concerning other bodies.
Whether there is no here contradiction?
When we notice running on a surface of water a
wave, we see, that water, as the system consisting of molecular elements, by
virtue of the indissolubility, remains on a place, the molecules make
fluctuations around of the points of balance, and the wave - "runs".
That is, while we have not penetrated into essence of this movement, to us can
seem, that on a surface the forward movement is really carried out. It is
possible to approve, that forward movement of bodies in indissoluble environment,
which part these bodies are - relative, apparent. It’s only system of running
waves, displacement of phases of fluctuation of environment. That is, it - not
movement of a matter, but only a trajectory of moving exited condition of a
field, in which the separate elements make oscillatory wavy movements. The
moving body in each point of space consists of a new matter. The material field
before a body enters in the exited condition also becomes a part of a body, and
behind of him it -calms down.
It is uneasy to understand, why Michelson and
Morley could not find out "a ether wind". They considered a matter and
ether as two different realities able to move one concerning another, while
"the ether itself is all".
Now we shall consider - that there is an
oscillatory movement of an element of a material field. As was already spoken,
any element comprises system consisting of the elements. Hence, moving of an
element as systems consists of cumulative moving of the sub-elements. It is
possible easily to prove it. To find out movement, it is necessary it to measure
on relative displacement of two or more elements. If the material field was
absolutely uniform, as though we could tell, there is in it a movement whether
or not? Even concept of uniformity assumes presence any of scale, measure, with
which help it would be possible it to establish. There should be any is skilled
determined units, which uniform or not uniform distribution would specify a
degree of uniformity of a field. But such units should represent of local
non-uniformity, elementary turbulences of a field. Hence, the absolute
uniformity is impossible - it is not certain and has no the bases.
A condition of existence of movement in
material system is the presence of displaced from each other elements
representing of heterogeneity a fields. From here, the oscillatory movement of
such system should consist of periodic rapproachement and unrapproachement of
elements, making it, that results in a condensation, and then underpressure of a
field within the limits of system. It is obvious, that such moving of elements
should be reciprocating. However, as the forward movement, by virtue of
indissolubility of a material field was already spoken,, is apparent, wavy. Such
movement is formed of relative, oscillatory moving of sub-elements with
displacement of a phase of fluctuation them rather each other. And such the
movement, in turn, is formed of reciprocating moving of elements already of
third order. And so - indefinitely both in the party of sub-elements, and in the
party of supersystems. The material field is indefinite both outside and inside.
It is possible to consider any system taking place on border between the
microworld and the macroworld.
The oscillatory moving, aspiring to balance,
derivates moving forward, which, in turn, can exist only at presence of the
extremely nonequilibrium varying systems - elements. They, in turn, too aspire
to balance, denying the forward moving, but derivating it, as system, in the
sub-elements.
4. Movement in space and time
All material bodies moving both in space, and
in time. To consider these two types of movement, it is necessary them to
allocate in the pure state. Speaking in the previous chapter about moving
elements, was shown, that such moving just and represents movement in space.
Thus the element was examined, as having a wave nature which is carrying out
forward movement with speed of distribution of one phase of fluctuation in the
given area of a material field, that is, with speed of light. Hence, the moving
element can be considered as a crest of a running wave keeping relative
stability in time.
To study movement of elements as systems, it
is necessary to consider its internal structure, moving of sub-elements, making
it, and it is already local oscillatory process.
Thus the system, remaining spatially on a
place, changes in time, passing serially all stages of fluctuation. One period
of such fluctuation could be presented as movement on the closed circle (cycle)
with constant return of system to an initial condition. However, such system
simultaneously is an element of supersystem, which also changes in time. Hence,
for that time, that the system will make one fluctuation, the supersystem will
have time to change the condition to the certain size, therefore system can not
return to an initial condition any more. The cycle appears open-ended and passes
in a spiral. It is possible to make a conclusion, that in an absolutely pure
kind to allocate movement in space or in time it is impossible, but with a
sufficient degree of accuracy it is possible to examine elements as driven in
space, but keeping the form in time, and system – as motionless in space, but
constantly varying the form, that is, driven as much as possible in time. Thus
the change of system in time is carried out at the expense of spatial moving of
elements, making it. The internal change of an element as systems, results in
spatial moving of its form.
It is possible to tell, that the motionless
system lives maximum in time, and - moving with speed of light, keeps the form
and is motionless in time. It will quite be coordinated to conclusions of the
special theory of a relativity about delay of a course of time with increase of
speed of spatial moving. Thus there is a transition from one form of movement to
another: from movement in time to movement in space.
Thus, however, it is not necessary to forget,
that the system driven in space is a system connected to a wave of indignation
of a material field, with a maximum or minimum of amplitude of fluctuation, when
it (system) constantly is by the most complete image the generated formation -
element. The system driven in time is a system connected to local area of a
field, through which there passes a wave of indignation. Between these extreme
forms exist intermediate, driven both in time, and in space. Thus the change of
phases in these systems will occur by that more slowly, than faster they will
move in space. In whole such division turbulences of a field on elements and
systems rather also depends on a choice of system of coordinates, in which we
consider the given indignation.
5. Interaction of systems
The moving of systems can be both uniform, and
accelerated. The oscillatory moving, by virtue of reciprocating character,
always occurs either to acceleration, or with delay.
Forward in classical physics divide on uniform
and non-uniform. However, such division not absolutely exact. Uniform moving a
body is considered, on which the external forces do not work. In view of unity
of a material field such condition practically is impracticable. Hence, a
general case of moving is the moving non-uniform, with acceleration positive or
negative.
Let's consider the accelerated moving of a
separate body under action of external revolting force. When the laws of
classical physics are applied to macroscopic bodies, thus such properties of
bodies are described only which characterize them as something whole, uniform.
For example, the movement "of a firm body" as absolutely rigid design
or material point is described. "Absolutely firm name a body, distance
between which any points is constant, what there were forces, working on it. Or
else, form and the sizes of such body remain constant."/25,23/. The similar
definition ascends to times of the ancient Greeks and, in particular, to Zenon,
described famous paradoxes of movement. At such point of view we are perfectly
distracted from movement of elements making this body. The characteristics of
the classical theories is those: at application them to macroscopic systems the
thin details of behaviour last, their elementary level are ignored. From here it
is possible to conclude, that the laws classical physics have approached, the
idealized character and for an explanation of essence of movement they are
inapplicable.
We admit, any body by external influence is
actuated. If the body was absolutely firm, its points should reach in movement
simultaneously with what has undergone to influence, differently body would be
deformed. However, according to the theory of a relativity, it is impossible.
The influence from the given point is transferred to rests with final speed, and
therefore all points of a body can not simultaneously begin to move. And it is
valid, each material body consists of fineer parts, subsystems, elements. They
are located in the certain order and render against each other mutual influence.
At action on a body of external force its superficial elements are displaced
from initial situations of balance. This moving of elements is counteracted by
forces of interaction between them. If the shift of elements was not too large,
after cancellation of external force the elements by forces of interaction come
back in an initial situation. This phenomenon refers to as elastic by
deformation. If the external force is great and moves elements so, that the
forces of their interaction can not return particles in an initial situation any
more, the deformation refers to as plastic.
It was considered single action of force on a
body. Now we shall present constant force working on a body, as other body
moving concerning first. At first will begin to be displaced superficial
elements of a body, making a start from force, working on them. They will begin
to come nearer to the next elements deep into bodies, that will cause forces of
pushing away from their party. Eventually, these forces will exceed first, and
the superficial elements will be braked, and then will begin to move back. That
is, the returning force of elasticity tries to return the displaced elements in
a point of balance, thus causing moving with some speed; the inertia, in turn,
keeps speed, that is the reason of a slip through a point of balance.
The elements begin to make fluctuations. But
during one fluctuation of an element the body rendering moving together force,
already has time to advance forward on certain distance. Therefore varying
elements can not now come back to an initial place and begin to make the
following fluctuation from other point of space. It also will be individual
displacement. As in oscillatory movement as on a chain will begin to be involved
all elements from a surface deep into bodies, that is, on a body will begin to
run a wave of plastic deformation, wave of displacement. An evident illustration
of this moving is the movement of caterpillar or wave of displacement running
along structure beginning to move from a place a trains.
The frequency of a wave of displacement is
proportional to size of inertia of elements, forces of their interaction. And,
all this is fair both for a movable body, and for displacing, for last also has
the elementary structure and at this level the cooperating bodies can be
presented as something whole, incorporated.
The given process was considered is simplified,
from the point of view of moving one element. But in each body there is a huge
number of elements, which will make fluctuations statistically fifty-fifty both
in one, and in other party. Therefore each moment of time on the average half of
elements of a body will move forward, and floors on - back, rendering
answer-back action on a displacing body. It corresponds{*meets*} to the third
law of Newton on equality of action and counteraction. Thus, we see, that the
accelerated moving is a product of interaction of moving from each other bodies.
Such moving will not be continuous, uniform,
and wavy, pulsing. And as was earlier established, that a general case of moving
is the moving accelerated, again we come to a conclusion, that in a material
field the oscillatory processes are carried out only. And as the bodies move by
wavy jumps, the energy of movement from one body to another can be transferred
only by separate portions, is proportional to frequency of fluctuations of
elements of cooperating bodies. Energy of interaction, by virtue of presence of
structure at systems, is divided into a portion, is quantized.
If now to proceed from consideration of
interaction of two bodies to interaction of individual system (as element of any
supersystem) with itself similar, it is obvious, that it will be under influence
of huge number separate variousdirected forces of pushing away, giving to system
the same number separate acceleration. Under their action the system will test
constant uniform on a surface plastic deformation, that is, will pulse with
frequency proportional it inertia. By virtue of indissolubility of a material
field these pulsations will not remain within the limits of considered
individual system, and begin to be distributed by a field as waves, waves of de
Breaule. These waves, in turn, will render answer-back action on other
elementary systems and to give to them of acceleration. That is, interrelation
of all kinds of movement in a material field here is obviously traced. The
moving of elements causes their interaction as mutual general pushing away,
which, in turn, causes moving elements. That is, movement and interaction - are
indissoluble.
As the sum of all actions of pushing away on
an element is statistically equal to zero, the element practically should remain
on a place, making fluctuations near the certain point of balance. An element as
though is exposed to compression by pushing away of other elements in regular
intervals from different directions. It corresponds to presence in system of the
certain internal pressure "of elementary gas", which is caused by
mutual pushing away.
It is not necessary, however, to understand
process of pushing away in the sense that each element is only repellent, and
other elements - pushed away. On the contrary, the given process consists just
that the system under action of forces of internal pressure (pushing away)
consists of set of separate elements, but each of these elements itself
concludes inside itself system, and as each such system thus does not collapse
by internal pushing away, and there is as actually system and as an indivisible
element of supersystem, it is possible to approve, that instead of unilateral
general pushing away it is necessary to speak about unity, balance of forces of
pushing away and attraction. Each elementary system is in balance, on the one
hand, of forces of internal pushing away of its elements, and on the other hand,
external pushing away (compression) of other systems. If the forces of internal
pushing away aspire to increase the sizes elementary systems, the forces of
external pushing away - on the contrary, aspire to compress system, to pull
together elements, making it, that is externally represented as their attraction.
Due to balance of these forces the system also keeps the form. Also it is
necessary to note, that for forces of external pushing away is indifferent –
what to compress: elements inside one of systems or two systems which have been
casually pulled together on distance, smaller average for the in regular
intervals allocated systems. And result of such compression will be perceived
externally as an attraction of systems under action certain "forces of
gravitation". Their rapprochement will occur so long as the forces of
internal pushing away of two systems will not exceed forces of external
squeezing. After that the given systems will begin to change around of a point
of balance of external and internal forces.
In daily life we should collide with display
of forces of gravitation more often. But it is impossible to identify apparent
to us in the phenomena with internal essence of the validity, environmental us,
with the laws of movement. The force of a science consists just that it for
external, seen opens essence, laws of a nature, which are inaccessible to simple
supervision. "Is usually accepted, - wrote F.Engels, - that the weight is
the most general definition of materiality, that is, that the attraction,
instead of pushing away is necessary property. But attraction and pushing away
are so inseparable from each other, as positive and negative, and consequently
already on the dialectic basis it is possible to predict, that the true theory
of a matter should allocate to pushing away the same important place, as well as
attraction, and that the theory of a matter based only on an attraction, is
false, is unsufficient, is vague."/18,558/.
Rather deeply and versatilly has considered a
co-ratio, unity of these forces H.W.F.Hoegel. He for the first time has managed
to show all importance of forces of pushing away, them forming character.
However, in many respects his arguments carry the abstract character, that has
not allowed him to distribute the conclusions for disclosing a nature of forces
in the environmental real world. F.Engels so estimated development by Hoegel of
this problem:
"Hoegel is ingenious even that he deduces
an attraction as the secondary moment from pushing away as primary..."/18,559/.
The natural sciences have not considered with due attention to the dialectic
engineering of Hoegel. The scientists XIX-XX cc. tried and try to explain
display of interaction between material bodies proceeding only from forces of
gravitation. As a result of the such fetishisation of a unilateral attraction
scientists constantly collide from a various sort by paradoxes, vainly trying
with the help of mathematical "acrobatics" to cope with them.
This problem, closest to the scientific
decision, there was a hypothesis of Lesage, around of which many disputes were
conducted especially. According to this hypothesis the space is filled with huge
number of small particles quickly driven in all directions. The individual
material particle tests from different directions impacts, which average effect
is equal to zero. Two close located particles shield each other from these
impacts, thus the balance of forces is broken and the resulting effect of their
approach is inversely proportional to a square of distance. This hypothesis
eventually was rejected, as from it follows, that any driven body should in due
course be braked by flying particles, that is not observed. However, thus that
rational beginning was rejected also which this hypothesis contained in the
basis. You see, if flying particles to replace by waves of pushing away, and
instead of two separate realities - matter and ether to represent a uniform
material field, all at once becomes on the places. It is clear, that the balance
of external forces of pushing away, compressing elementary system from different
directions, will be broken taking place near to other elementary system, being
in this case by screen (second system the waves of pushing away will penetrate
all the same, but they will be by this system in the certain degree to be
weakened). From the mechanics it is known, that "...group of material
points, the forces of interaction between which submit to the law of return
squares, can not be in steady static balance. Trial weight placed at the centre
of the circuit, becomes necessary to move in the direction of this or that of
motionless material points"/13,296/. That is, elements, between which exist
forces of pushing away, create internal pressure in system. Each element presses
on other elements, and those, in turn, squeeze a separate element from different
directions. If all elements are in regular intervals allocated, these forces are
mutually counterbalanced, however, this balance strongly unstably.
Evidently this picture is shown at isothermal
compression of gas. Thus pressure (the forces of pushing away between molecules
of gas) grow until their condensation, association in subsystems will begin. And,
though the approach of two separate molecules is, as a whole casual, but at
their huge number in gas the individual casual rapproachements pass in general
law.
As was already spoken, elastic enough coming
nearer systems eventually begin to change near a point of balance, alternately
that being drawn, making a start. In a nature, environmental us, such elastic
systems are, for example, the atoms and molecules. Those interatomic and
intermolecular distances, on which they are in firm bodies, liquids and gases,
and are equilibrium between forces of internal and external pushing away. As an
example of quasielastic system the steel ball falling on a massive steel plate
is possible to name. It also will be long enough to jump up, changing around of
a point of balance of forces. However, more often we should observe in the life
rapproachement of unelastic bodies. They already, actually speaking, are not
elementary complete systems. Therefore it is impossible to consider
rapproachement of these bodies as any uniform, complete objects. Not they
approach, and atoms (molecule) their components. And their rapproachement will
come to an end after achievement of interatomic (intermolecular) distances, that
is, when distance between bodies becomes equal to distance between atoms inside
these bodies and there would will come balance of interatomic forces of
interaction (what character they did not carry - electrostatic or
electromagnetic). For the external observer such rapproachement will be
represented as a unilateral attraction of these two bodies not showing seen
attributes of mutual pushing away. From here, apparently, also there was an
illusion about world gravitation of material bodies, about any forces of
gravitation ostensibly outgoing from each body.
Let's lead small mathematical account.
Internal pressure in the Universe Pu
/ 12/:

Where: r - density
of substance in the Universe;
c
- speed of light;
x
- constant expansion of the
Universe (Habbl’s constant);
G
- gravitational constant.
Resulting to expansion of the Universe, the
pressure in the same measure reactively influences and each body, each particle,
which, in turn, render answer-back pressure. It is natural, that in such system
of movement of bodies will be carried out so that the general pressure inside it
was reduced (in view of a delay caused speed of light).
It is possible to show (look Fig. 1.), that
for two bodies of weight M1
and M2 on
distance R the force
of rapproachement under action of pressure of the Universe Pu
will be equal:

Where: Svi
- effective area of a shielding surface of a nuclon, equal 4p
re2;
NA
- number of Avogadro;
Sri
- effective area of shielding section of a nuclon, equal p
re2.
Thus, re
- effective radius of the elementary screen, which valid of relative effects in K
times more radius of a nuclon rn
(look the equation 11).

Fig. 1. Interaction of
two bodies under influence of wave pressure of the Universe
Having made necessary substitutions, we
receive:

After reductions and rearrangements, is
finally received:

Where: mn
– weight of a nuclon.
It is uneasy to notice, that, having equated
product of constants worth in brackets, gravitational constant G,
we shall receive the known formula of Newton:

The equation 4 can be transformed further. It
is known, that /12/:

Where: Mu,
Vu
, r - accordingly, weight, volume and density of the
Universe.
Also /12/:

Where: e
- elementary charge.
We accept, that:

Where: K
– factor of screening.
Substituting meanings constant according to
the equations 6, 7, 8 in the equation 4 and having made necessary
transformations, we receive:

Proceeding from the equation 5 is received:

Having reduced degrees and taking into account,
that 2p
e2 / ch = a -
constant thin structure, we shall receive:

The expression in brackets in the equation 4
is farther, having equated it G
according to the equation 5, it is possible to transform thus:

After rearrangement G
in the right part and reductions of degrees we shall receive:

Thus product cx
- acceleration of expansion of the Universe au.
Substituting the equation 13 in the equation 5, we shall receive:

Let's rearrange co-multipliers:

As in brackets there is a dimensionless size (we
shall name it B),
it is possible to tell, that the formula of "The
law of the world gravitation" of Newton is reduced to his second law:

Where: a
= Bau.
The dimensionless size B
shows, in how many of time acceleration of rapprochement of two bodies will
differ in each concrete case from acceleration of expansion of the Universe, as
is acknowledgement of interrelation between forces of gravitation and pressure
in the Universe, its expansion. The gravitation is jet force dependent on speed
of expansion by the Universe. Also that the direct communication between the law
of the world gravitation and the second law of Newton is found out, specifies
absence of basic distinction between gravitational and inertial weights of a
body, that confirms validity of "a
principle of equivalence" /26/.
In light of the given conclusion it is
possible to speak about gravitational weight only conditionally, as the body has
no any internal "by a gravitational charge". Weight of a body in any
case is a measure of "resistance" of a body to action of external
forces, irrespective of, whether carries interaction of a body with external
forces electrostatic or electromagnetic character. A conclusion from here
follows, that in a uniform material field the force of gravitation between
bodies occurs not as internal, outgoing from the centers of their weights, and
as jet, arising at a difference of forces of external and internal pressure in
system of considered bodies.
Summing up it is possible to assert, that,
despite of external distinction between pushing away and attraction, does not
represent difficulty to express one through another and, that only considering
them in unity and interrelation it is possible to explain an infinite variety of
the environmental world, not pulled together by one-side gravitation in one
point.
6. Development of systems
Let's consider movement of material systems in
time, their development. In developing system all is indissolubly connected by
process constant general mutual transformation, change both separate elements,
and all system as a whole. The following stages are characteristic for
development of all systems: occurrence, organization, period of the maximal
organization, transformation and destruction. Thus the concepts should not be
understood "occurrence" and "destruction" literally, and as
the moments of transition through a condition of balance in the given area of a
material field. The elements making system, at the given transition remain, but
the character of their interaction, movements and their own properties varies.
The occurrence of system is an occurrence of
ordering, grouping in movement of elements, occurrence of non-uniformity in
their distribution. In process of the further perfection of system in the party
greater ordering of its elements it passes a stage of organization yet will not
reach the period of the maximal organization, integrity. Thus the concept whole
almost completely excludes casual character of interaction, that is, it is the
period of unity of system. In the same time it is the period of a maximum
nonequilibrium condition of system, given area of a field, that conducts to
transformation, disintegration and destruction of system, transition in an
equilibrium condition. The aspiration of system results in achievement of
balance that at the moment of approach of balance the elements get the maximal
speed of moving. A consequence it is instant jumping by system through a
condition of balance and occurrence of new nonequilibrium, opposite by what
existed in system. That is, there is an antisystem, which in the development
passes the same stages, as system. Thus the antisystem by nothing differs from
system besides that in the development passes through an opposite pole of
nonequilibrium, density of a field. It is the same distinction as between a
maximum and minimum of amplitude of sine curve, as also oscillatory movement of
considered system represents individual oscillator of a material field. With
destruction of antisystem the cycle of one fluctuation is finished.
The first stage in development of system is
organization, during which the system turns to the organized system or whole. As
the system is found in constant movement, in it there are diverse changes, which
in aggregate represent the certain directed process of organization of
components system of elements. Due to their huge quantity this process is
probabilitycal, statistical. In a unorganized equilibrium condition the elements
with equal probability move in all directions. But gradually this balance is
broken, that results in occurrence of organization in moving elements. Thus
their increasing quantity begins to accompany this process and lesser - to
resist to it. The organization becomes conducting on an ascending stage of
development of system. Between moving elements begin to be formed the certain
communications, first of all such, which subordinate elements of the uniform
purpose – formation "whole". "Whole" represents unity,
complete self-subordination.
The organized system as "whole"
represents an indivisible element for supersystem. Hence, the element is a
maximum degree of organization of system, taking place in it. However, the
absolute unity of system is possible only theoretically. System aspires to it as
to the inaccessible ideal form. The formation absolutely united means occurrence
completely of independent area of a material field, closed in itself, and
therefore degree of probability of occurrence of such area of a field is equal
to zero. By virtue of it, having reached top of an ascending stage the
development, system as whole can not be in the given condition, as at this
moment of force of internal pushing away begin to exceed external squeezing
forces. The system experiences the period of transformation. Whole again breaks
up on making parts and system enters in the period, opposite of organization -
period of disorganization. In this process the general aspiration to achievement
of balance, destruction of system, to growth of entersystem entropy is shown.
If even more in details to consider the
initial stage of organization of the arisen systems, it is possible to ascertain,
that agrees to the laws of statistics in an equilibrium condition in system the
element with any amplitude of own nonequilibrium can to appear. And, both with
positive, and with negative nonequilibrium, that corresponds to a condensation
or underpressure of a field. The moment of balance is the moment of maximal
freedom not only movings, but also own condition of elements, them discrepancy
on size. However, on a measure of organization of system and growth of its
general nonequilibrium condition, there is a gradual selection of the steadiest
elements accompanying organization of system. At it, with greatest degree of
probability in each moment of time there are elements appropriate general
nonequilibrium of system, that is, with the increasing amplitude own
nonequilibrium. After achievement by system of a condition "ideal whole"
it should become one element with a zero degree of differentiation / 14.23/.
In process of organization of system also
communications between elements constantly become complicated, grows them
co-subordination, that conducts to a unification of system as whole, to growth
of integration of elements. Thus, if the differentiation of elements promotes
their qualitative distinction, the integration carries them character of
quantitative association. Parallel reduction of differentiation and the growth
of integration results in constant transformation of structure of system.
Originally isolated, the freely moving elements, submitting general process of
organization of system, begin to be united in groups, subsystem. Between
elements of such groups the deep internal communications distinguished from
communications between groups develop. Now structure of system can be divided
into an infrastructure, that is, structure of subsystems, and on - ultra
structure, that is, structure of communications between subsystems. During
development of system there is a constant quantitative change of a parity of
these structures. So, at a stage of organization of system the infrastructure
grows, becomes complicated, and the ultra structure becomes simpler, while will
not disappear at all after achievement of unity of system. During
disorganization there is a return process before complete disappearance of an
infrastructure at the moment of transition through an equilibrium condition.
The degree of integration and differentiation
reflects a degree of organization of system, nonequilibrium of its condition
/1,50/. In the beginning of organization the increase of nonequilibrium is
provided with only quantitative association, integration of qualitatively
identical elements in subsystems. However, such quantitative growth of
heterogeneities soon results in new quality, occurrence of separate elements
with one deeper internal heterogeneity. Gradually number them grows, yet does
not become dominant. The qualitatively new elements also are united in
subsystems until will begin to occur even more deeply nonequilibrium elements.
And so - so long as the system will not turn in one element.
As the process of organization is statistical,
at each moment of time in system the various kinds of elements can coexist, but
one of them will be necessary dominant, the number others will be defined by the
laws of statistic distribution. All in the sum they characterize a degree of
differentiation the system.
Usually, speaking about kinds of a matter,
allocate two basic its kinds - substance and field. However, strictly speaking,
such division is not quite correct, as any kind of a matter is a part of a
uniform material field, one of its condition. The condition of a matter depends
on the form of its movement, from internal structure of systems, which it forms.
The structure of system, again, depends on the form of movement of its elements.
As the elementary kinds of movement are forward and oscillatory, also material
formations can be divided into two basic kinds:
- is forward moving;
- as oscillator moving.
That usually mean concept "field",
represents set is forward of moving elements or linear electromagnetic field.
The uniform forward moving, according to the first law of Newton, is possible
only at absence of external influences, that is, when the elements are maximum
free in the moving. As it was already marked, such condition in development of
system is observed at the moment of transition through a point of balance
appropriate complete structurless, randomness in moving elements. It is possible
to assert, that at the moment of balance the matter in the given area of space
completely is as a linear field.
During organization of system interdependence
of elements grows ever more, that results in occurrence and growth of waves of
interaction, growth of internal pressure in system. As a result of imposing
waves the only forward moving of elements is broken, occur of oscillatory
acceleration. Thus the inconsistent tendencies are found out. On the one hand,
the chaotic free moving gradually gets the certain orientation to the general
centre. With another - reduction of spatial volume, in which the elements move
and their growing mutual pushing away counteract moving of elements in this
direction. Eventually quantitative growth of capacity of waves of pushing away
results that begin to occur elements, which forward moving completely passes in
oscillatory. That is, such element showing fluctuations (polarized) only in one
or two planes and forward moving in the third plane (an electromagnetic wave),
becomes the element which is carrying out only oscillatory movements, or else,
by closed electromagnetic fluctuation, polarized in three planes. This spatially
limited fluctuation of a field is a qualitatively new condition of a matter -
material element, elementary particle. Such condition of a matter occurs only
under the certain external conditions and completely depends on them, as grows
out imposings, superposition own movement and external influence, result of
transition of energy of forward moving in energy of fluctuation because of
restriction of freedom of spatial movement at compression of system. As far as
the occurrence of such condition of a matter at the certain stage of development
of system is natural, so natural should be and its disappearance at the other
stage.
With occurrence of material elements their
quantity and a variety constantly grows in comparison with quantity is forward
of moving elements. Gradually there are more and more large material elements,
and their behaviour becomes more and more ordered.
The system will reach integrity then, when
forward moving completely will disappear, that is, when the further
rapproachement already is impossible, the compression and system will turn in
one fluctuation, in one material element. Such unity is reached at the expense
of overcoming huge forces of internal pushing away during compression of system.
On this overcoming the energy of forward movement of elements was spent, that
resulted in their gradual braking. And after this energy was spent, has passed
in energy of oscillatory movement, those huge forces of pushing away, that have
collected to this time, blow up unity, integrity of system, and about all by
increased speed the disorganization, destruction of system promote. Thus there
is a gradual transition from oscillatory character of movement to forward, that
is, the system extends. The decrease of internal pressure, density of a matter
eventually results that the material elements gradually completely pass in
radiation, in a condition of a linear field from wave elements.
However, at this moment of transition through
balance the speed of expansion of system is maximal also elements continue to
run up, breaking balance already in other party. And this further dispersion of
elementary turbulences of a field can, on the other hand, be considered as
rapprochement of underpressures of a material field, that is, as organization of
antisystem consisting of antielements. The further process then symmetrically
repeats. The disintegration of antisystem finishes one period of individual
fluctuation of a field. Thus, the development of system is a continuous
transition of one kind of movement in another, transition of substance in a
field and on the contrary.
7. Universe as system
At construction of cosmological models,
proceeding from infinity of the material world much consider it as immense
increase of the known phenomena, as unlimited extrapolation of the laws,
established on experience, of movement of a matter. Thus the known final
phenomena turn in immensly increased, absolute infinity. Such evolutionary
understanding of development of the Universe, recognition of only quantitative
changes deprives cosmology of ground for a correct explanation of the phenomena
of the environmental world. What quantitative would not be change of spatial -
temporary distances or any other properties of a matter, early or late it should
result in radical qualitative changes.
Our Universe as the integral part of a uniform
material field also represents developing system which is taking place in
continuous movement and change. For it, as well as for any other material system,
the constant quantitative - qualitative transitions, constant struggle of the
contents with the form, removal of the old forms and organization of new
characteristic. During development of the Universe also there are complex
processes of differentiation and integration. The material elements, having
appeared on the certain stage of organization of system, can not long time be in
the in regular intervals distributed condition - condition "of elementary
gas". The growing internal pressure of forces of pushing away eventually
results that the elements begin to be condensed, to be united in subsystems.
Thus, the quantitative integration forms atoms, molecule and their association
as space bodies, and the qualitative differentiation promotes formation of
elements, differing on properties, subsystems. The integration results in
occurrence of an infrastructure and ultra structure of the Universe. The
infrastructure is defined by forces of internuclear, internuclear and
intermolecular interaction, that results in formation of separate space bodies.
The ultra structure is formed as result of interaction of these bodies as
planetary, star and galactic subsystems. Thus, the size of integrity forces
depends on size of internal pressure in the Universe connected to occurrence of
waves of pushing away.
The differentiation, first of all, is defined
probabilitycal, statistical process going to the party of organization or
disorganization of system, transition from forward to oscillatory character of
movement of elements or on the contrary. If the probability of occurrence of
elements and antielements with any size own nonequilibrium is equal an
equilibrium condition (according to the laws of statistics /20,37 /), that, on a
measure of organization of system, the probability of occurrence of elements
exceeds probability of occurrence of antielements ever more. Thus, at each
moment of time with the greatest probability there are such elements, which most
there correspond a general nonequilibrium of system, density of a material field
in the given area spaces.
Any system or element can exist only that
environment, in which they were generated, therefore transition them other
environment or change of environment, in which they were, causes their
transformation, destruction. As, for example, the compression of the Universe
should be accompanied by constant increase of its density and internal pressure,
that, despite some probabilitycal deviations, the general direction of reactions
of interaction both transformation of elements and subsystems will tend in the
party of their synthesis. However, as the Universe as system in relation to the
elements is almost infinite both in time, and in space, this tendency will be
almost imperceptible. So the reactions of synthesis (integration) and
disintegration in subsystems such as stars, nucleuses of galaxies etc.
statistically will be almost in balance, having the small shift in the party of
synthesis is insignificant.
As the process of compression of system goes
with delay, that is, with negative acceleration, which size also grows, it
conducts to all to amplifying interaction, increase of internal pressure in the
Universe. And it, in turn, results in growth of size of elements, to
amplification their quantitative integration, that is, to gradual regeneration
both elements, and subsystems.
The processes of regeneration are inclined to
interruptions of gradualness. Sometimes it is shown as sharp jump - explosion (New
and Supernew stars), and in other cases as temporary stabilization of subsystems
with small weight (planet, their companions and so forth). Basically, majority
subsystems there is a long time in a condition of continuous smooth regeneration
as total process of reactions of synthesis and disintegration both elements, and
their associations - nucleuses of atoms. Thus the nucleuses of stars consist
from gradually breaking up hyperons, neutrons and transuranium nucleuses. On the
average layer of stars there are most stable atoms, and in a superficial layer -
gradually synthesized nucleuses of supereasy atoms.
The products of disintegration of a nucleus of
a star enrich with an average and superficial layer, and the products of
synthesis of easy nucleuses leave in an average layer and nucleus of a star.
That is, it too some kind of oscillatory convertible process, in which extreme
points are the superheavy and supereasy elements and nucleuses of atoms, and
point of balance is the place of a congestion most stable in the given time of
elements and nucleuses.
As a result of sharp explosive processes the
interstar space is enriched by diffuse substance - clouds of supereasy atoms.
Such condition of substance is rather unstable, that results in gradual
condensation it and formation of secondary star subsystems reaching balance of
reaction of transformation after in them a nucleus of the nucleus of a nucleus
of a nucleus of a nucleus of nucleus of nucleus of the subsystems incorporated
for any reasons by superheavy and supereasy nucleuses, are stabilized. But the
stabilization this temporary, as with change of size of internal pressure in
system peak of stability of elements and nucleuses is gradually moved together
in this or that the party.
Thus, it is possible to ascertain, that the
dispute between the supporters of the "classical" and "Bjurakan’s"
concepts is pointless. If the supporters prove to first, that basic in our
Universe the processes of synthesis are, and the supporters assert second -
opposite, it be necessary to recognize, that those are partially right also and
others. It is a convertible process with by gradual shift of balance dependent
on speed of expansion or compression by the Universe.
Interesting foresight the academician
V.I.Vernadskiy has made in due time: "... Each atom exists, keeping the
certain structure strictly certain time.... The process determining an
inconstancy of atoms, goes inevitably and is insuperable in the strictly certain
direction, always in same. We express it, speaking, that it is irreversible
process" /7,511/. Unique, in what he was wrong, it that the given process
is irreversible and is unidirectional, that is, doing it absolute in time. As
the system changes the condition with acceleration, also shift of balance of
reactions of transformation changes and, for example, at the moment of
achievement by system of a condition of integrity there comes complete balance
of reactions of synthesis and disintegration. It is the crisis moment. If during
compression of the Universe the reactions of synthesis prevailed, during
expansion gradually begin more and more to prevail reactions of disintegration.
However, this shift is so imperceptible, that the condition of the Universe
during expansion almost by nothing differs from the period of compression,
except for the several insignificant factors. According to one of them - to the
doppler’s red displacement of frequency of light from far space objects, it is
possible to ascertain, that we live during disorganization, disintegration of
our system - Universe. And it, eventually, will result in complete transition of
substance in radiation, in a condition of a linear field, and then - to
formation of antisystem, with which, in turn, it is necessary to pass the same
way of organization and destruction (compression and expansion of underpressures
of a field) to finish one more period of fluctuation of one of uncountable
number of systems of a uniform material field.
8. Summary
The given work does not apply at all for the
status of the fundamental physical theory, requiring the complex mathematical
device, and also - on the status of the philosophical treatise, apologists of
the classical requirements to which could accuse me in "empiricism".
It is only attempt of creation of the concept
of construction of the theory, attempt to comprehend, with attraction of some
philosophical categories, a possible way, in which I offer to direct the efforts
to physicists and mathematicians, which will create the General theory of a
field.
I wish successes to the one who will undertake
this hard work !
The honour and praise to the one who will
reach to the purpose ! And let it will achieve success not by the deep old man,
and in prime of the forces, and will put the Nobel Prize to stops of the
favourite !
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in dialectic materialism, -M.:Misl’, 1974;
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4. Askin J.F., Movement - form of existence of
a matter, -Saratov,:SGU, 1971;
5. Akhundov M.D., Problem uncontinuity and
continuity of space - time, -M.:Nauka, 1973;
6. Brilluen L., New look on the theory of a
relativity, -M.:Mir, 1972;
7. Vernadskiy V.I., News of Academy of Science
of USSR, dep. of mathematical and natural sciences, N4,1932;
8. Vikhman E., Quantum physics, Berkley’s
rate of physics, vol.4, -M.:Nauka, 1974;
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1970;
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and evolution of the Universe, -M.:Nauka, 1976;
13. Kittel Ch., Night W., Ruderman M.,
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1968;
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17. Levitan E.P., Physics of the Universe, -M.:Nauka,
1976;
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23. Fridman A.A., World as space and time, -M.:1929;
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1965;
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1, -M.:Visshaya shkola, 1965;
26. Vladimirov Yu.S., Mitskevich N.V., Horski
Ya., Space, time, gravitation.-M.:Nauka, 1984.
Kiev - 1981 (with insignificant further completions; variant
of 1997 year in Russian - ISBN 966-95141-4-2; Article is in National
library of Ukraine of a name of V.I.Vernadskiy. Index
of the rubricator: V313.334 v 01.
The code of preservation: R82830.
http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/6248.html
Publishing date: November 11, 2003
Source: SciTecLibrary.ru
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