Until now, scientists thought that only specially adapted organisms they call extremophiles could exist in seemingly intolerable environments such as high-pressure, high-temperature oceanic hydrothermal vents or in the ice sheets of Antarctica. A study published in the February 22, 2002, issue of Science, however, shows that even common bacteria are viable under high-pressure conditions equivalent to about 50 kilometers beneath the Earth’s crust or 160 kilometers in a hypothetical sea. This finding may expand the habitable zone for life within the solar system and it opens new doors for looking for life much deeper inside planetary bodies than previously considered. According to Dr. Anurag Sharma the lead author, “It is exciting to observe the microbes under such unusual environments. Their continued biological activity says a lot about their resilience.”

The scientific team is headed by Sharma and James Scott at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. They adapted the tools of high-pressure physics to microbiology by using diamond anvil cells to subject two bacteria species - E. coli commonly found in the human gut, and the metal reducing Shewanella oneidensis - to pressures up to 16 thousand times the pressure found at sea level. “This is a very high-pressure condition for biology. Since liquid water turns into a solid high-pressure ice even at room temperature, these conditions are typically considered inhospitable,” says Sharma.

Both E. coli and Shewanella use formate in their metabolic processes in the absence of oxygen. With molecular spectroscopy, the Carnegie team measured the microbes’ use of formate to determine their metabolic rates. Optical observations on stained bacteria further confirmed their viability and found that they can survive pressures far beyond those of deep ocean trenches and in the deep crust. The techniques developed by Sharma and Scott will open the door for the “real time” examination of pressure and temperature effects on microbial communities. According to Scott, “One of the fundamental questions that needs to be asked now is whether the response exhibited by the bacteria is due to adaptation or selection. Our results raise important questions about the impact of pressure on the evolution of life and the study has tremendous impact on understanding a number of processes that are due to phase shifts caused by environmental conditions, such as the use of methane hydrates by microorganisms.” Scott continues, “This is what happens when two scientists with very diverse backgrounds get together and test the validity of past assumptions.” Sharma is an experimental geochemist and Scott is a microbiologist. Both are also members of the Carnegie Lead Team of the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), which provided support for this work. The NAI was designed by NASA to encourage and stimulate such interdisciplinary collaborations.

The study suggests that as far as pressure goes, the subduction zones on Earth and deep water/ice structures, such as those found on the moons Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede, might be environments that could harbor life. "Understanding how microbes survive deep subsurface environments expands our ability to define and examine potential habitable niches beyond Earth," commented NAI Associate Director, Dr. Rose Grymes. The techniques being developed at the Geophysical Laboratory will be used to test various hypotheses on the viability and probability of life in different environments, even before any NASA missions for the search for life are planned. For some time there has been mounting evidence that a large portion, if not a majority, of life today exists in the deep subsurface (including in deep frozen lakes and the ice caps on Earth). This along with other recent findings should be taken into account when focusing on the survivability of life elsewhere. “Soon the only thing that should limit our investigation of the survivability of life on Earth and beyond is our imagination,” concludes Scott.

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The Carnegie Institution of Washington (http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/www.CarnegieInstitution.org) has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research since 1902. It is a private, nonprofit organization with five research departments in the U.S.: Terrestrial Magnetism, Plant Biology, Observatories, Embryology, and the Geophysical Laboratory. Carnegie is a member of, and receives research funding for this study and other efforts, through the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), a research consortium involving academic, nonprofit, and NASA centers. The NAI, whose central administrative office is located at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA, is led by Dr. Baruch Blumberg (Nobel '76). The institute also has international affiliate and associate members. Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

Contact:
Anurag Sharma, sharma@gl.ciw.edu,
James Scott, scott@gl.ciw.edu,

202-478-8957
Carnegie Institution

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