E-mail: kosinov@unitron.com.ua

Why the Earth rotates? Why the winds in cyclones in northern hemisphere blow clockwise , and in cyclones in a southern hemisphere blow counterclockwise? Why in an equatorial zone of the Earth never it happens of typhoons, watersprouts and cyclones? Till the science has not the answers to these questions. In present article the authors have undertaken attempt to give the answers to these questions. The laboratory experiments disclosing the mechanism of rotation of the Earth are described. The explanation to mechanisms of arising of cyclones, tornados is given. The physical effects lying in the basis of these phenomena are described. The integrated electromagnetic and hydrodynamical and thermal effect being observed in laboratory conditions is considered. This effect can be widespread on a plenty of the natural phenomena. The carried out researches allow to approve that hard kern is located in the nucleus of our planet, and melted zone has the form close to the form of tore. The experiments indicate that at change of magnetic poles of the Earth our planet will change directions of rotation on opposite.

1. Unsolved problems

From times of Galilei it is known that the Earth rotates. However, reason of rotation is not established till now. There is no answer to question why it rotates from the West to the East, instead of any otherwise. What limits degrees of freedom? As for this there are various opinions. There is an opinion that the Earth rotates on inertia, having acquired once pulse of movement one day [1]. There is also other hypothesis, which is based on idea of hydromagnetic Braginsky dynamo. In this model it is considered that the current of electroconducting liquid in melted nucleus of the Earth causes magnetic and electric effect similar to movement of a conductor. This movement is formed with one more movement - rotation of the Earth. As a result, an electrical current is induced and it gives rise to a magnetic field as well as in the usual dynamo-machine. In this model the occurrence of a magnetic field of the Earth contacts to its rotation, considering rotation by the primary factor, and occurrence of a magnetic field - secondary. However, as will be shown below, this model is not capable of explaining set of the phenomena occurring both on the Earth and in it entrails, therefore can not be considered correct.

Prior to the beginning the 20-th centuries was considered that the Earth rotates uniformly, and the period of its rotation was used even as a unit time. However, as a result of supervision it was found out that the Earth rotates non-uniformly. There are annual and semi-annual fluctuations of speed of rotation, monthly and fortnightly fluctuations of speed, at which the duration of day can as decrease as rise on some thousandth shares of second. The reason of such changes of speed of rotation of the Earth is not established. The idea of hydromagnetic dynamo of Braginskogo is not capable of explaining it. It is nor clear especially at the expense what spead of rotation of the Earth can be increased. The real changes of speed of rotation of the Earth refute idea of rotation it on inertia. It is visible that for disclosing the mechanism of rotation of the Earth it is necessary to involve completely new ideas. It is necessary to disclose the physical effects resulting in it rotation and also conduct search of model confirmation of the mechanism of rotation of the Earth.

The researches in the field of the theory of physical vacuum [2] have allowed to establish the physical phenomena which at our glance can approach the answers to listed questions. They have in view physical effects in which at passage of an electrical current through electroconducted medium placed in a magnetic field there are gradients of temperature of medium in zones of an arrangement of electrodes, and also whirls of medium caused by occurrence of the moment of force in a direction to a perpendicular vector of a magnetic induction [2].

As marked in [2], the direction of whirl of medium M is set by vector product M = BxE, and the direction of a vector of a thermal flow Q is set by double vector product: Q = [BxE] xB. This integrated electromagnetic and hydrodynamical and the thermal effect being observed in laboratory conditions can be widespread on a plenty of the natural phenomena. Some laboratory experiments which demonstrate the above-named physical effects will be described below. At our glance, they allow to understand and open the mechanism of rotation of the Earth. The behaviour of electroconducted liquid in a magnetic field is a display of physical effects which have the large analogy to rotation of the Earth, and also with some other displays in entrails of the Earth and on its surface.

Experiment ¹1. The scheme of the first experiment is submitted on Fig.1.

Fig.1. The whirl of electroconducted liquid.

The description (fig.1). 1- the vessel, 2- melted metal, 3- spiral coil, on which an electrical current is passed, 4- metal ring connected to a source of a current, 5- electrode connected to a source of a current.

The vessel with melted tin is placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic induction vector of which is directed vertically. In the central part of a vessel in a liquid the electrode is sunk. The second electrode is made by ring, it is established on perimeter of a vessel and it is sunk in a liquid.

At switching on a current melted metal comes in movement. The whirl of melted tin is observed. At the centre the deep funnel is formed. The direction of movement of melted metal is shown by an arrow at the from above view. The speed of whirl rises with increase of a current.

At change of a direction of a magnetic field, the direction of whirl of melted tin changes on opposite.

Simultaneously with whirl of a liquid one more physical effect - occurrence of a gradient of temperature is shown. The essence of this physical phenomenon is described in [2]. It is physical effect is shown in experiment. The formation of a hard phase of metal at the centre of a vessel or on edge (Fig.2, Fig.3) is observed.

Fig.2. Whirl of electroconducted liquid and formation of a hard phase of metal at the centre of a vessel.

The description (fig.2).1 – vessel,2 - melted metal,3- spiral coils, on which an electrical current are passed 4 - metal ring connected to a source of a current,5 - electrode connected to a source of a current,6 - hard metal .At polarity of the impressed voltage such, as shown on Fig.2., the hard phase of metal occurs at the centre. When making short-term switching-off of a current this hard islet begins thawing. The repeated switching on a current again results in intensive formation of hard tin at the centre. When changing a direction of a magnetic field as shown on Fig.3 direction of whirl of melted metal varies on an opposite during growth of a hard site without switching off a current. And intensive melting of a hard site at the centre is observed simultaneously. Thus at a metal ring on edge of a vessel the occurrence of hard tin is observed (Fig.3.).

Fig.3. Whirl of electroconducted liquid and formation of a hard phase of metal on edge of a vessel.

The discription (fig.3).1 - vessel, in which there is melted metal.2 – tin.3 - spiral coil, on which the electrical current is passed.4 - metal ring connected to a source of a current.5 - electrode connected to a source of a current.6 - hard metal.Thus, occurrence of a gradient of temperature between the central and peripheral electrodes distinctly is fixed. At polarity of impressed voltage as shown on Fig.2 in a zone of "pole" melt hardens, and in a zone of "equator" an increase of temperature takes place. At change of polarity as shown on Fig.3 in a zone of "pole" the hard phase is melted, and in a zone of "equator" occurs formation of a hard phase. The same phenomena are observed at change of a direction of passing of a current at constant polarity of a magnet. At simultaneous change of a direction of a current and that of polarity of a magnet direction of whirl remains constant. Thus the heat flow remains constant.

These experiments have formed the basis to assume that physical effects being observed in them can underlie the mechanism of rotation of the Earth. The arising gradient of temperature being observed in experiment has analogy to presence low temperatures in polar zones of the Earth.

We consider that above considered temperature effect is lying in a basis of formation permafrost on the Earth and low temperatures in polar zones of the Earth. In the considered experiment the magnetic field has the same direction as well as direction of a magnetic field of the Earth. The rotation of electroconducted liquid has the same direction just as direction of rotation of the Earth. It is necessary to find out where is that battery, which by "plus" is connected to terrestrial poles, and "minus" to equator and whether there is such battery? It turns out that such battery exists in space. It forces the Earth to rotate.

For confirmation of above – said let's take advantage of results of space researches. When considering the Earth and near space, it is possible to see the following (see Fig.4). The Earth is in flows of a solar wind, which represents in the basic flow of electrons and protons. In 1958, the radiating zone of the Earth was opened. It is a huge zone in space covering the Earth in a zone of equator. In a radiating zone electrons are the basic carriers of charges. Their density on 2 - 3 order exceeds density of other carriers of charges.

The solar wind penetrates in near earth`s space through kasps, in zones of poles (it is shown by bold arrow). In polar zones the protons prevail. The distribution of electrical charges in near polar and in near equator areas of the Earth results in that there is battery of huge capacity in space of the Earth. Its "plus" is in zones of northern and southern poles, and "minus" in a zone of equator. On Fig.4 we see complete analogy to the carried out experiment as shown on Fig.2. The atmosphere of the Earth and Earth itself from poles to equator is a circuit for an electrical current from space battery.

Fig.4. Distribution of electrical charges in near polar and in near equator areas of the Earth.

In the same direction the current passes in a liquid in conditions of our experiment (Fig.2). As in experiment (Fig.2) the reduction of temperature in a zone of an axis of rotation of electroconducted liquid is observed as the low temperatures are observed in a zone of terrestrial poles. The contradiction is subject to explanation: why a thermal flow going from the centre of the Earth to its surface is unable to cope with permafrost? The reason is that the big contribution to formation of zones of a cold on the Earth brings in the temperature effect described in [2] and shown on Fig. 2.

For persuasion we shall cite an example of one more experiment closer to real conditions in which there is our planet. This experiment is shown on Fig.5.

Experiment ¹ 2. The magnetized sphere which has an possibility of rotation is established on an axis and it is sunk in water with an impurity of salts. The sphere is magnetized as shown on Fig.5. The sphere models the Earth. Water with an impurity of salts models electroconducted atmosphere. At connection of a positive electrode to an axis and negative electrode to electroconducted liquid the rotation of a sphere is observed how as shown on Fig.5. At change of polarity the direction of rotation varies on opposite. The measurements of temperature have shown reduction it in a zone of an axis of a sphere at the impress of positive ("+") potential to an axis and accordingly increase of temperature in a zone of an axis of a sphere at reversed polarity. Simultaneously the change of temperature in zone of conditional equator is fixed.

The depictionn (fig.5):1 – vessel.2 - electroconducted liquid.3 - metal disk.4,5 - magnetized hemispheres.6 – axis.7 – electrode.8 – bearing.9 - electrode

At such polarity of the power source as it is shown in a Fig.5, we see that this experiment models well rotation of the Earth. And rotation of electroconducted liquid and reduction of temperature in zone of axis location is very similar that we observe in earthly conditions. At our glance, it is evident model for study rotation of the Earth.

We consider that the physical effects shown in experiments and described in [2] account for formation of ice covers in polar zones, for permafrost and for rotation of the Earth. It is necessary to note that the occurrence of low temperatures in the polar zones arising from display of described physical effect is masked by low solar radiation in these zones. These two factors act together. Thus one of the factors – solar radiation was taken into account by the scientists but nobody suspected about existence another one.

Fig.5. Rotation of the magnetized sphere in electroconducted liquid.

Experiment ¹3. Let's continue the description of other experiments. When connecting the positive electrode to an axis and placing of second (negative) electrode in water in a near zone of the magnetized sphere in northern hemisphere the active whirl of a liquid reminding a cyclone or tornado is fixed in a zone of second electrode.

This experiment is submitted on Fig.6.

The description (fig.6): 1 – vessel.2 – electroconducted liquid.3 - metal disk.4,5 - magnetized hemispheres.6 – axis.7 – electrode.8 – bearing.9 – electrode.10 – insulator.11 – whirlwind.

Fig.6. Rotation of the magnetized sphere and occurrence of local whirl of a liquid reminding a cyclone in northern hemisphere.

The direction of whirl of a liquid completely corresponds to whirlwinds of cyclones in northern hemisphere. Thus simultaneously with such mini-tornado the rotation of a magnet sphere is observed. 

Experiment ¹4. When placing the second (negative) electrode in a near zone of the magnetized sphere in a southern hemisphere active whirl of a liquid also is fixed in a zone of an electrode (Fig.7).

The description (fig.7): 1 – vessel. 2 - electroconductive liquid. 3 - metal disk. 4,5 - magnetized hemispheres. 6 – axis. 7 – electrode. 8 – bearing. 9 – electrode. 10 – insulator. 11 - whirlwind.

Fig.7. Rotation of the magnetized sphere and occurrence of local whirl of a liquid reminding a cyclone in a southern hemisphere

The whirl in which the direction of rotation completely corresponds to whirlwinds of cyclones in a southern hemisphere is observed (Fig.7). Thus simultaneously with occurrence of a mini-tornado the rotation of a magnetized spere is observed.

Experiment ¹5. When placing the second electrode in water in a zone of equator (Fig.8) whirl of a liquid is not observed in a zone of an electrode. Only whirlless of a liquid along equators is observed. Thus, rotation of a magnetized sphere simultaneously is observed.

The description (fig.8): 1 – vessel. 2 - electroconducted liquid. 3 - metal disk. 4,5 - magnetized hemispheres. 6 – axis. 7 – electrode. 8 – bearing. 9 – electrode. 10 – insulator.

Fig.8. Rotation of the magnetized sphere and occurrence whirlless of a liquid in a zone of conditional equator.

Experiment ¹ 6. When connecting the first (positive) electrode to an axis of a sphere, and placing two second (negative) electrodes in a near zone of the magnetized sphere simultaneously in northern and southern hemisphere as it is shown on Fig.9, whirls of a liquid in opposite directions are fixed in zones of the second electrodes. The whirls of a liquid in which directions of rotations completely correspond to whirlwinds of cyclones in northern and southern hemispheres are observed. Thus simultaneously with occurrence of mini-cyclones the rotation of the magnetized sphere is observed.

When smoothly moving an electrode in a near zone of a magnet from equator to poles the noticeable whirl of a liquid begins appearing somewhere in a zone of the seventh - tenth parallel of latitude (if conditionally to carry out analogy to the Earth). When moving to poles the intensity of a mini-tornado rises.

The description (fig.9): 1 – vessel. 2 - electroconducted liquid. 3 - metal disk. 4,5 - magnetized hemispheres. 6 – axis. 7 – electrode. 8 – bearing. 9 – electrodes. 10 – insulators. 11 – whirlwinds.

Fig.9. Rotation of the magnetized sphere and occurrence of local whirlwinds of a liquid reminding cyclones in northern and southern hemisphere.

The above-described experiments also have many analogies to the Earth. As is known, in an equatorial zone of the Earth never it happens of typhoons, tornados and cyclones. The tropical cyclones occur in zones not closer 5 degrees from equator. The winds in cyclones in northern hemisphere blow counter-clockwise and in cyclones in a southern hemisphere blow clockwise. The complete coincidence with carried out experiments is found out. Directions of winds in cyclones counter-clockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise in a southern hemisphere was traditionally are explained by influence of deflecting Coriolis force arising at rotation of the Earth [3, 4]. The absence of cyclones in a zone of equator accordingly traditionally is explained by the absence of Coriolis force on equator.

We specially verified on our models as far as such assertions are just. We artificially braked and completely stopped ours small "Earth" at conducting experiments. The whirlwinds as before were observed in upper half sphere and in under hemisphere. Thus neither their intensity nor their direction of rotation did not depend on any way neither from rotation of the magnetized sphere nor from it stop. In a zone of conditional equator at broken magnet the movement of a liquid being parallel to equator also remained just as well at rotation of a sphere.

We consider that electrical currents in an atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth bring in the basic contribution to the mechanism of formation of cyclones, tornados and watersprouts, and not Coriolis force and convectional flows of air. The Coriolis force also is shown but it is not sole and basic. However, Coriolis force traditionally was considered to be sole while it only masks that physical effect, which plays the basic role. These two factors act together. The scientists took into account one of the factors - Coriolis force but about existence of other factor nobody suspected.

At the same time, still in 1908, in polar zones Birkelann discovered the strong electrical currents which are directed to the Earth. They are called avrorable electrojets. Then the equatorial electrojets were found out also. We consider that above-named atmospheric phenomena – cyclones and watersprouts arise at passing of currents in electrojets in conditions of existence of a magnetic field of the Earth. We consider on the basis of the given model experiments that the basic phenomena in an atmosphere occur from influence of "space battery" formed by a negative charge of a radiating zone of the Earth and positive charge of near polar space zones in conditions of a magnetic field of the Earth (Fig.4). This "space battery" rotates the Earth. The capacity of space battery is huge. The sun charges constantly space battery by the solar wind. After flares on the sun a charge of "space battery" rises that results in fluctuations of speed of rotation of the Earth.

The same mechanism brings in the significant contribution to formation of zones of a cold in polar areas. The same mechanism brings in the basic contribution to formation and maintenance of permafrost. The same mechanism results in formation of cyclones, whirlwinds and watersprouts. In a basis of all phenomena physical effects described in [2] are lying. As we see, both rotation of a planet and arising of a polar cold and occurrence of permafrost, and formation of whirlwinds, cyclones, tornados, watersprouts and the temperature effects in cyclones and watersprouts are caused by the uniform mechanism. All this is a result of action of found out integrated electromagnetic and hydrodynamical effects and thermal ones.

When supposing the same temperature effect which is shown for the Earth just as in our experiment the reduction of temperature should be observed in a zone of a terrestrial axis. It should result in formation of a hard phase in a liquid nucleus of the Earth. Inside a liquid nucleus on a terrestrial axis should be located hard kern, which should have approximately such form as shown on Fig.9.

Fig.10. Hard “kern” in melted nucleus of the Earth.

Therefore, at our glance, the Earth has a little other internal structure contrary to accepted. We consider melted nucleus of a planet penetrates hard kern in a direction from one poles to another. According to our assumption, the presence of hard kern results in that the melted nucleus of the Earth has form close to the form of tore, and not spherical form as it is accepted consider.

In our opinion, it is possible to carry out researches of distinctions of spread of seismic waves along a terrestrial axis and across it for verification of this assumption.

And some more assumptions. As it is known, approximately every 500 thousand years a change of polarity of magnetic poles occurs. Nothern and southern magnetic poles of a planet are changing by positions. According to our experiments, if there a change of magnetic poles occurs it will result in redistribution of temperatures on the Earth.

As a result, on the poles temperature will be raised and will be reduced on equator. As consequense, the poles of a cold will disappear. The ice caps of a planet will thaw. The climate will become moderate on all planet. The polar zones will be get warm at the expense of display of the above-described temperature effect described in [2]. And the same effect will be reduce temperature in an equatorial zone acting against solar radiation. Directions of rotation of cyclones will be changed. The cyclones in northern hemisphere will have rotation clockwise, and in southern counter-clockwise. Hard subnucleus of a planet and our assumed kern completely are melted. But the most important is that a direction of rotation of the Earth will change! The sun will stop then will go back and will rise in west but will set in east.

1. P. Bakulin., E Kononovich , V. Moroz The course of general astronomy, Ì., Science, 1983.
2. N. Kosinov, Physical vacuum and gravitation. Physical vacuum and nature, N4, 2000, p.g. 55 - 58.
3. À. Byalko, Our planet - Earth. Small library of "Quanta" issue 29, Ì., Science, 1989.
4. R.Scorer Aerohydrodynamics of an environment, Ì, World, 1980.

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