Articles and Publication Philosofy Scientific spores IS SCIENTIFIC TRUTH BORN OF AGRUMENTS?
IS SCIENTIFIC
TRUTH BORN OF AGRUMENTS?
© Ph.M. Kanarev
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to the author: kanphil@mail.ru
http://www.micro-world.su/
Folder English
Announcement .
A
philosophical statement “Truth is born of arguments” is one of the greatest
misconceptions of the scientific truth searchers. Each of them thinks that only
he is right. But there is only one truth.
________________________________________________________________
A process of our thinking forms
the basis of a scientific truth search. It is based on the meaning of the
concepts, which are used by us, as well as of the rules of their unification in
the logical structures, which we use when we try to understand or to prove
something. A correspondence of the pronunciation of the concept and its spelling
plays an important role.
In order to have similar
understanding of the concepts being used, we try to define them. Here we are
faced with an obstacle, which is old-established, but remains unnoticed: a sense
capacity of the concept being used. It is the main barrier not only in the
similar understanding of the concepts, which are used by us, but in consensus
building of the similar understanding of the essence, which is expressed with
the help of the old-established concepts.
Let us consider the concept of
“a point”, for example. This concept has a very limited meaning. That’s
why it can be easily defined; the following definition was given by Euclid in
the 3rd century before Christ: a point is that which has no part. But such
definition is ambiguous, because it becomes necessary of give a definition of
“a part”. If we begin to define “a part” via other concepts, it becomes
necessary for us to define them too, and we’ll do it endlessly; it means
unambiguously that it is impossible to give the most precise definition, which
requires no additional specifications, to any concept. It appears from this that
all definitions of the scientific concepts are not unambiguous, they are close
to unambiguousness. As the notional capacity of the concept of “a point” is
very small, the Euclidean definition of this concept is used in the scientific
investigations successfully. Besides, it turns out that the main thing here is a
formation of an image, which is described by the concept, not the definition of
the concept itself. The concept of “a point” forms approximately one and the
same image for everybody, the image, to which we get accustomed from the school
years when we put a point at the end of a sentence.
Euclid was unable to form some
concepts with similar clarity as he did it with the concept of “a point”;
that’s why their use did no form a clear understanding of the essence, which
they had. For example, he represented an idea that the parallel straight lines
cross nowhere in the following way: “If a straight line crossing two straight
lines makes the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the
two straight lines, if extended indefinitely, meet on that side, on which are
the angles less than two right angles”. It is difficult to understand
unambiguously the sense of this definition. As a result, it became a subject of
the analysis made by the scientists of exact sciences of the 19th century who
failed to come to a common opinion. Now it is well-known that incompleteness of
this scientific dispute is the main source of all delusions of the
physicists-theorists of the 20th century.
Thus, capacity of meaning of the
scientific notions is the first and the foremost subject of analysis for those
who try to see perceive the scientific truth. Let us consider the most capacious
concept of “matter”. It includes such abundance of features of the thing,
which we call matter, that it excludes an unambiguous definition of this concept
completely. This circumstance forms automatically the conditions, under which
everybody who uses this concept forms his own view of its notional essence. The
majority of other concepts, which are used by the scientists in their scientific
search, are in the same position.
Let us pay attention to the
process of an adoption of the decision concerning correctness of some roundup
assertion by our brain. As a result, which is in the roundup assertion, depends
on many factors, which exerts influence on it, our brain tries to select the
main one among them and to use it as an assertion fidelity criterion. It appears
from this that in order to expedite cerebration in a solution of this task, it
is necessary to introduce into its memory the maximum possible quantity of
information concerning the factors, on which depends an optimality of the
decision being adopted. But in any case the decision, which is adopted in such a
way, is far from the scientifically substantiate decision, because thousands of
factors, which have various dimensions and various quantitative values, can
exert influence on a result of this decision; nobody can tell, which of them
exerts the greatest influence on an authenticity of the decision being adopted.
That’s why such decision is called an intuitive one, i.e. the decision, which
has no scientific substantiation. Proximity of such decision to the optimal
variant depends on quantity of the factors, which are included into a search of
the optimal decision, and on capability of the brain to solve such tasks. A
concept validity determination procedure being described is a concern of the
philosophers, politicians and other people who are far removed from exact
sciences. It can be easily observed when you watch broadcast reportages, which
are devoted to an adoption of the important state decisions.
If we consider exact sciences, we
should note that there are fewer liberties in a scientific result reliability
assessment. Science has already worked out the unambiguous criteria of the
assessment of reliability, i.e. validity, of any scientific result. A scientific
truth is a scientific result, which is expressed in the form of an axiom
or a recognized scientific postulate. We should note the main fact right
away: the number of the scientific axioms is considerably fewer than the number
of the recognized scientific postulates.
An axiom is an obvious statement,
which requires no experimental check and has no exceptions.
A postulate is a non-obvious
statement, its reliability being proved in the way of experiment or results from
the experiments.
Let us add a definition of a
concept of a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is an unproved
statement. It can be proved theoretically and experimentally. Both these proofs
should not contradict the axioms and the recognized postulates.
Thus, an axiom is the main
criterion of the scientific investigation result reliability. It is not in need
of a proof of its judicial functions and of their recognition. It exists
everlastingly and is indifferent to the attitude of the scientists to it.
The main principle of the
scientific truth search requires a revelation of the formation start of the
notions concerning a phenomenon or a process being studied. That’s why an
ascertainment of the primary elements of the universe and their main features is
the beginning of the fundamental scientific search. It is obvious that space is
the primary element of the universe. If it were no space, nothing would exist.
Matter is the second significant
element of the universe; time is the third one. An ascertainment of the
axiomatic features of the primary elements of the universe (space, matter and
time) is the next step in of the fundamental scientific search. Their stability
and dependence or independence on each other as well as their interaction are
the axiomatic features of space, matter and time.
The main axiomatic feature of
space is its absoluteness: invariability in the course of time. There are no
facts (and there will be no facts), which prove compressibility, stretching and
twisting of space. This makes it possible for us to consider space an absolute
element of the universe.
The axiomatic feature of matter,
the second significant element of the universe, is a more complicated thing,
Still, we do not know exactly a source, which brings forth the material objects;
we do not know their final destiny. That’s why yet we have no reason to
consider matter an absolute thing, because we do not know if the electron, the
proton, the neutron, the photon exist everlastingly or they can loose their
structures and masses.
Time is the third significant
element of the universe. It was introduced by a human being as an instrument of
cognition of the surrounding world. Flow evenness is its main property. There is
no one who will change its flow, except the human being who has introduced the
concept of “time”, which does not change a rate of its flow. Due to this
fact, time will always remain such. That’s why we have every reason to
consider it an absolute one.
The next axiomatic features of a
complex of the first three elements of the universe are their independence on
each other and inseparability of the process of their mutual existence. Matter
can exist only in space together with time. We shall call these axiomatic
features of space, matter and time the primary elements of the universe, a
space-matter-time unity axiom, or simply the Unity Axiom. We should note that a
process of implementation in the mathematical models, which describe the
material object motion in space, is the main thing in this axiom, not its
definition. The Unity Axiom states that a coordinate of a non-permanent position
of any object in space is always (we shall repeat this word for the relativists
not once) a time function. Maybe, they will understand that time independence of
the coordinate in Lorentz transforms, Louis de Broglie equations, Schrodinger
equations, Maxwell equations, Dirac equations, Einstein equations and their
numerous followers is at variances with the Unity Axiom, which sends the
above-mentioned theories to the science history shelf automatically [1].
Thus, we have ascertained the
main axiomatic features of the primary elements of the universe. They are
sufficient enough at the present stage of development of our knowledge
concerning Nature in order to use them in the scientific search.
Certainly, when the scientific
truth is ascertained finally and brings forth no contradictions, it must be
accepted, and we should proceed. But this privilege appears in science not at
once; it takes place as a result of a long-term process of the accumulated
knowledge generalization. We live in time of an uprising of such scientific
privilege, and we commiserate with the scientists of the 20th century who were
deprived of it and propagated scientific theoretical fables on a great scale and
number.
If a scientist who searches for
the scientific truth is armed with the axioms, which are the absolute criteria
of scientific reliability as well as the well-tried postulates, he will see the
contradictions in the results of the existing scientific investigations
inevitably. Certainly, his main task is to find the causes of the contradiction
uprising in the scientific problem being analysed. When he does it, he relies on
the scientific result reliability criteria, which have been tested by him. As he
accumulates new scientific information, he forms safe conditions for fruitful
intuitive operation of his brain. Under such conditions, the brain searched for
solutions by itself. It eliminates the contradictions being found out and gives
a non-contradictory scientific result in the form of a guess, which we call
intuitive, to the author automatically.
Pertinently, we should recollect
the famous Archimedes exclamation “Eureka” when he bathed. Eureka meant that
he dawned upon an essence of lift force of water affecting a body, which is
immersed in it. Archimedes' principle appeared. Other laws of physics took place
in the same way in the form of guesses, which became either the axioms or the
postulates later on. It is no mere chance that the names of almost all axioms
and postulates reflect belonging to their authors.
Thus, scientific truth is never
born of arguments. Figuratively speaking, it escapes from the disputants as a
frightened bird; it comes to those who have managed to load his brain with
authentic information given by his predecessors. If the brain is loaded with
erroneous information, it prevents a new scientific truth nascence in it.
Let us consider the role that is
played by an intuition in exact sciences. In exact sciences, the intuition plays
a decisive role, and its fruitfulness is implemented not in all of them. This
implementation takes place in the following way. In the process of education,
our brain accumulates scientific information paying attention to the laws and
the postulates, in which it is generalized. These laws and postulates are the
main criteria in the estimation of a connection of any new scientific result
with reality.
If a criterion is erroneous, an
interpretation result of the new scientific result will be erroneous as well,
but a person who represents this result cannot find it. Now let us imagine that
he takes up an argument with a person who has found erroneousness of the
postulate, which is used by everybody as a scientific assertion reliability
criterion. What will take place?
They will not understand each
other, as they have different assessment criteria of the connection of the new
scientific result, which is discussed, with reality. Where is the way out? It is
the only one: it is necessary to return to the analysis of reliability of the
postulate or the law, which is born in mind by everybody as a proof of his right
in the scientific argument, but each of them fails to understand that it is
necessary to begin a truth elucidation with the analysis of reliability of this
postulate or this law.
It is quite natural that the
argument process being described will never lead the disputants to scientific
truth. In what way does it come to the scientists? It comes only to some of them;
the most fundamental scientific truth, which remains reliable for millennia,
comes only to those who have started their scientific search with the analysis
of the scientific concepts, on which they have based their scientific assertions
and have tried to give them the unambiguous definitions. Euclid and Newton acted
exactly. It is the main cause of the fruitful implementation of their scientific
ideas.
But it is quite natural that at
that time Euclid could not see all main points of the scientific search, which
should be included in the number of the initial axioms, and did not give
definitions of the concepts of the axiom and the postulate. As a result, a list
of his axioms has no main axiom, which reflects a description of the material
object motion process [1].
When Isaac Newton solved a
problem of the mathematical description of the material object motion process in
space, he started with a formulation of the axioms and did not give a definition
of this concept as well. Besides, while enumerating his laws, he put the law of
the uniform, straight-line motion, which is always a consequence of the
accelerated motion, on the first place. As a result, the consequence has turned
to be ahead of the cause, and it has disturbed the cause-and-effect relations at
once; it has led to the fundamental contradictions in his laws, which have
remained unnoticed for more than 300 years [1], [7].
Scientific truth cannot be born
of arguments, because the disputants have different notions concerning a
notional essence of the concepts being used; this essence depends on their
notional capacity. Different notional capacity of one and the same concepts in
the heads of the disputants is the main obstacle on the way to consensus
building in similar understanding of the gist of the subject-matter of dispute.
This feature of a scientific discussion has been vividly described by Leonid
Ivanovich Ponomarev in his popular book “Under the sign of quantum”. He
describes the essence of the scientific disputes in quantum physics in the
following way: “Sometimes these disputes resemble hostilities of the religious
sects inside one and the same religion in their fierceness and intransigence.
None of the disputants doubts the existence of the god of quantum mechanics, but
each of them imagines his god, and only his. As it is always in the religious
disputes, no logical reasons are useful here, because the adversary party cannot
conceive them: there is the primary emotional barrier, the act of belief (in his
reliability criterion, we should add), against which break all irresistible
proofs of the opponents having failed to be introduced into the scope of
perception” [12].
An insufficient investigation of
the process of thinking, which is formed by our brain, is one of the causes of
it. A language, on which the search is conducted, exerts a great influence on
the process of thinking, i.e. on the process of the scientific truth search. If
the language is replete with exceptions from the rules, on which it is based, it
is unfit for the scientific search, because its exceptions do not help to form a
non-contradictory scientific assertion. The brain, which is loaded with the
concepts in such language, cannot form a system notion concerning an
investigation object. In this case, its positive scientific result can be
obtained very rarely.
The Russian language is the most
fruitful scientific language. Its astonishing positive feature is in the fact
that it connects the pronunciation of the words with their spelling reliably; a
complexity of the declensional endings of its words is compensated completely by
consistency strictness of an assertion, which is produced at that.
The English language has to be
recognized as the most unfruitful language for the scientific analysis, because
it is abundant with various types of exceptions from the rules and is based on
the studied phrases being used in the communion as the clichés, which
require no efforts to provide a control of consistency of the assertion being
expressed.
Those who keep up with a
construction of the phrases in the Russian language and the English language
while watching TV will note easily that the Americans express their thoughts
glibly, without any stammering. It is a sequence of the use of the studied
phrases as the clichés.
While answering the questions,
the majority of the Russians stammer and stumble in their speech; it proves that
their brain does not use a set of the studied verbal clichés in the
answer. They try to strengthen consistency of their answer taking into
consideration a particularity of the asked question by means of a construction
of the corresponding verbal logical structure. In this case, stammering as well
as stumbling is a vivid demonstration of a might of the Russian language, not
its disadvantage.
There are more weighty proofs of
the might of our language. The specialists know that Albert Einstein devoted
many decades to intensification of his theory by means of a fusion of its
components. Its essence was in an intention to work out a so-called
Super-Integration theory. Many scientists of the world being encouraged by a
might of Einstein’s scientific authority enlarged by mass media tried to solve
a problem of the Super-Integration, which was not solved by Einstein. But it
could be done by a scientist who thought in Russian, the most logical language
of the earthlings. That’s why we have every reason to be proud of the fact
that it has been done by Vladimir Semenovich Leonov, the Russian scientists.
Though he was not an academician, he managed to solve the complicated
theoretical scientific problem in such a superb way that the Cambridge
University published his book, which contained 650 pages devoted to the quantum
theory of the Super-Integration [10]. It should be added that Vladimir
Semenovich has remarkable human merits, which have been given to him by his
ancestors who have accumulated them by their behaviour within the framework of
the Christian morality. I am proud by the fact that I am acquainted with him
though our friendship is a long-distance one.
It is quite natural that
Vladimir Semenovich has based his investigations on Einstein’s achievements,
which erroneousness is a historical fact. A decision of the American scientists
to produce a film called “Einstein was at fault” serves as a proof of it.
The magnificent mathematical result, which has been obtained by Vladimir
Semenovich Leonov, is a bitter proof of erroneousness of using the authority of
the predecessors as a base, because they have used erroneous criteria in the
reliability assessment of their achievement by themselves. We should
congratulate V.S. Leonov with the fact that his scientific work is a splendid
proof of the might of the Russian language; we wish the Englishmen to study his
Super-Integration quantum theory deeply. It will help them to close another 20
per cent of physical faculties when 20
percent have already been closed; it proves unpopularity of the imposed physical
paradigm, which has no connection with reality, among the youth.
There is another example. There
are numerous theoretical scientific works devoted to an intensification of
understanding of the physical essence of Maxwell equations. The final stage of
this intensification has fallen to the share of Viktor Vassilievich Sidorenkov,
the Russian scientist. It is quite natural that he is not an academician, he is
an ordinary scientist. The academic elite is incapable of such scientific feats.
I enjoyed mathematical logic when I read his splendid work “Conceptual
analysis of the equations of the modern field electromagnetic theory” [11].
Nobody managed to carry out deeper analysis. The might of our native language is
one of the reasons of it. I received only one letter from Viktor Vassilievich,
and it proved his splendid human merits as well.
As for his theoretical
achievements, it is quite natural that they are erroneous, because they are at
variance with the Unity Axiom, the foremost axiom of natural science. It is not
the main thing. The achievement of Viktor Vassilievich is the main thing by
itself. We have every reason to congratulate him with the fact that his
theoretical achievement is a proof of the scientific might of the Russian
language.
We shall not speak about an
ability of our academicians to prove erroneousness of the new theory of
microworld. Many of them fail to keep up with the scientific progress. Vladimir
Semenovich and Viktor Vassilievich have knowledge, which allows them to make an
attempt of such proof, but they have informed me in the correspondence that they
do not accede to discussions. Viktor Vassilievich has written: “My motto is: Truth
is not born of arguments!” In my answer, I informed him that the essence
of this motto became clear for me more than 30 years ago. I promised him to
publish a
generalized description of this essence. I think that
I have kept my promise.
The annual triumphs of our
students at the international competitions on programming are the most vivid
proofs of the scientific might of the Russian language. The strict logic
thinking ability is the main prerequisite of a triumph at such competitions. It
is formed due to consistency of the language, on which the programmers think, as
well as their personal merits, which are influenced by the Russian language as
well.
Thus, the scientific law is the
axiom or the postulate. One does not dispute the axiom. The axiom is always
right. The postulate can be impugned, because an experimental result, which is
interpreted with the help of a theory, is reflected in it. An erroneous theory
provides an erroneous interpretation of the experiment and makes the postulate,
in which it is reflected, an erroneous one.
Now let us give a part of
information concerning the results of our scientific investigations.
Our Unity Axiom and a great
quantity of the new postulates have already sent all physical theories, which
are at variance with our axioms and postulates, to a section of science history
as the works that are unnecessary for the mankind. The main ones among them are
as follows: Lobachevsky’s geometry and Minkovsky’s geometry; electromagnetic
emission theory, which is based on Maxwell equations; Einstein’s Special and
General relativity; Lorentz transforms, the main theoretical virus of the 20th
century; the theory of the orbital motion of the electrons in the atoms;
Schroedinger equations; approximation theories of the calculation of the spectra
of the atoms and the ions; wave theories of the diffraction pattern formation;
all theories of the atomic nuclei formation; all theories of the formation of
the atoms, the molecules and the clusters; almost the whole electrodynamics of
the 20th century; the first foundation of thermodynamics as well as the theories
of Big Bang, black holes, dark matter, the expanding universe and others.
The Unity Axiom
demonstrates the might of its judicial functions simply and convincingly when a
connection of any mathematical model of any theory with reality is estimated. It
has demonstrated erroneousness of many physical and chemical theories of the
20th century convincingly and has made it possible to work out the new theory of
microworld; its
profundity represents a new closed theory, which
cannot be shuttered. It is much simpler than all previous theories; that’s why
it can be easily understood. There is no intellectual force in the world that
can prove erroneousness of the new theory of microworld now. It is already
prepared to be included in the educational process in all schools and
universities of the world. It will be done inevitably, and it is high time
for the academicians to pass from fear of the new theory of microworld to its
understanding and recognition [1-9]. Our lectures, which are read to the
students rather seldom, are always finished with an ovation; it proves readiness
of the youth to master new knowledge.
CONCLUSION
We have already received a great
quantity of the messages in Russian and in English, which have positive comments
of the results of our scientific investigations [9]. Let us quote one of such
comments.
Dear Philipp Mikhailovich,
Let me express my sincere
admiration of your wonderful scientific achievements,
which cannot be measured by
titles or awards.
I am happy that it is written in
Russian, and I have managed to see it.
It is veritable science,
which sends mountains of academic
literary garbage to a dump-hole.
Sincerely yours, A.I.S. October
13, 2011, 6:50 p.a.
REFERENCIES
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Kanarev Ph.M. The
Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld. Monograph. The
15th edition. Volume 1. http://www.micro-world.su/
Kanarev Ph.M. The
Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld. Monograph. The
15th edition. Volume 2. Pulse energetics. http://www.micro-world.su/
Kanarev Ph.M. Lectures of
the Unity Axiom. Folder “Manuals for FPC.
http://www.micro-world.su/
Kanarev Ph.M. Theoretical
Foundations of Physchemistry of Microworld. Manual. The
4th edition. http://www.micro-world.su/
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answers to the questions concerning microworld. http://www.micro-world.su/
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Kanarev Ph.M.
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Kanarev Ph.M.
Mechanodynamics. http://www.micro-world.su/
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Kanarev Ph.M. The atoms
and the molecules. http://www.micro-world.su/
Folder “Booklets”
Kanarev Ph.M. Letters
from the readers. http://www.micro-world.su/
Folder “Discussions
and comments”
Leonov V. S. Quantum
Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Super-Integration.
Cambridge International
Science Publishing, January 1, 2009, 650 pages.
Sidorenkov V.V.
Conceptual analysis of the equations of the modern field
electromagnetic theory”.
http://www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/9675.html/
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Ponomarev
L.I.
Under the
sign of
quantum. M.:
“Nauka”, 1989. 365 pages
Publishing date: November 17, 2011
Source: SciTecLibrary.ru
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