In
connection with the start of accelerator LHC (Large Hadron Collider) in
the European center of nuclear researches (CERN) the possibility of
catastrophic consequences of forthcoming experiments on this scientific
installation is discussed in news media. There are fears that during head-on
collisions of high-energy protons or heavy ions there
is a possibility of formation of microscopic "black holes" and other
abnormal phenomena that can lead to unpredictable global consequences.
However
CERN declares/1/,
that no risk exists, as similar experiments are repeatedly set on by nature
throughout billions of years. Basis for this statement is the report "Review
of the Safety of LHC Collisions" of safety group (LHC safety assessment
group (LSAG)), represented by physicists-theorists John Ellis, Gian Giudice,
Michelangelo Mangano, Igor Tkachev and Urs Wiedemann. Certainly, nobody doubts
that CERN is a very important scientific institution, and accelerator LHC is
the unique scientific device. But, nevertheless, there are things which are
not permissible to anybody! To anybody without an exception! There is no such
purpose for the sake of which we can endanger all mankind and life on the
Earth! With all respect to the experts of CERN safety problem of accelerators
of extreme energy left the walls of this establishment and specific area of
theoretical physics. "After all the expert is similar to a gumboil: his
completeness is unilateral" (K.Prutkov). The nature surrounding the
person is complete. Only fragmentary scientific knowledge by means of its
specific methods and instruments isolates from it this or that detail. Who
knows something one - physics, mathematics or chemistry, in general, knows
practically nothing. Because there is much another. The overall picture of
nature cannot be reflected within the limits of models of separate scientific
disciplines. The new reality for which the term" New Physics" was
discovered, is in the natural complex – with the New Chemistry, the New
Power, New Thermodynamics and other integral elements. And only that’s why
the problem of danger of experiments on accelerator LHC, as well as other
extreme installations, should be a subject for all-round interdisciplinary
scientific consideration. And first of all, from chemistry. by natural
definition of the last one.
Physics
and chemistry.
The
physics by the general definition is devoted to studying of the phenomena in
the substance, not changing its structure. We will give one of the typical
definitions of problems and /2/methods
of physics:
"The
problem of physics consists of creating in our consciousness such picture of
the physical world which fully reflects properties of the world and provides
such parities between elements of model what exist between external
world elements. In the real physical world connections between the
phenomena and subjects are so diverse that to capture all of them it is
impossible not only in practical, but also in theoretical basic sense. Last
circumstance is caused by inexhaustibility of properties of matter. Therefore
at creation of models are taken into consideration only
essential to the given circle of the phenomena of property and connection.
The physics problem consists in creation in our consciousness of model
of the external world adequately reflecting its structure and properties, it
can be executed only in the course of practical activities of the person on
knowledge and world transformation. The person from birth has in consciousness
no elements of model of an external world and rules of operating with
them. Mankind as a result of all historical development develops them. The
individual person does by their elements of the consciousness by means of own
activity and training process.
Scientific
researches constantly expand and deepen physical model of the world. It
can be made only as a result of experiment and supervision. Therefore the
physics is an experimental science. Its models should reflect
adequately the properties which are found out in supervision and experiments.
On the other hand, borders of applicability of models are also defined by
experiment.
Hence,
the experimental method of physics consists in the following: on the basis of
experiment and supervision the model in which frameworks predictions
for the phenomena checked in turn of experiments and supervision become is
created; as a result of it the model is specified, new predictions etc.
The
most essential progress in physics occurs in two cases: first, when model
predictions do not prove to be true experiment; secondly, when the new circle
have the physical phenomena for which there are no models in general.
In the first case it is necessary to correct model, and sometimes to
replace new. If model replacement is connected with revision of the
basic representations speak about revolution in physics. In the second case
the new section of physics "is created.
So
vast definition is resulted only with one purpose - by physics consideration
as science section, it is impossible to lose sight of the presumable (speculative)
and limited character of its modeling constructions.
The
chemistry by the definition investigates the phenomena in which the structure
and substance structure vary. The most essential difference of chemistry from
physics is that the chemistry in the basic part is the phenomenological
science with the description and classification of the phenomena (phenomena)
as the main problem. There are courageous assumptions, that sometimes all
chemistry can be reduced to the decision of Schrödinger equations. But is
still only courageous assumptions. Mathematical decisions of such equations
are available only for the elementary hydrogen atoms, for more difficult
systems these calculations infinitely become complicated. And the chemistry,
probably, for a long time remains a descriptive science. Nevertheless,
chemists study theoretical bases of modern physics. And here physicists, in
grand parts, have a remote idea about practical chemistry. However, as it
often happens in science, there is an extensive boundary region on a joint of
chemistry and physics as which with the identical right each of these sciences
can consider. It is physical chemistry, a science about the general laws
defining a structure and chemical transformations of substance under various
external conditions. This scientific discipline investigates the chemical
phenomena by means of theoretical and experimental methods of physics. It is
difficult to present modern chemistry and chemical technologies without
physical and chemical methods of the analysis and researches. All technical
successes of physics become in due course a material basis of successes of
chemistry. Thereupon it would be desirable to mention such irreplaceable
devices for chemists for an establishment of structure of chemical products
– gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) which actions by a principle
represent tiny accelerators of particles. Therefore interest of chemists to
physics problems is natural and clear.
The
author of these lines should not explain that all experts do not
welcome intrusion into sphere of their activity of the layman’s having
remote enough idea about the subject. From the physicists-theorists ranked as
elite of a science, always it is possible to receive shattering mathematical
repulse. But in this case there is a sphere of interests and chemistry subject.
In consideration of a problem of transformation of substance at subnuclear
level, chemical inherently, chemists by all means should participate. At
detailed acquaintance with LHC accelerator problem in a network of the
Internet appears the list of chemical problems without which decision safety
of forthcoming experiments cannot be guaranteed. To physicists, probably, it
will be interesting, as in what they are engaged meanwhile in proud physical
loneliness looks from the chemical party. They can object that chemistry and
chemists are present at the physicist of elementary particles. Really,
physicists operate with terms hadrons chemistry, chemical freeze-out, chemical
equilibration and chemical potential. But this chemical presence is limited by
narrow enough physical and mathematical frameworks of chemical physic (99 % of
physics) for acknowledgement of corresponding physical theories. And, actually,
chemistry and chemists in existing physical models and collaborations if are
presented, that, probably, in insignificant quantities. If high-grade
scientific cooperation with chemists has developed a little bit earlier in the
present research there would be no necessity. From the party, of other
invariant system as physicists study elementary particles it is visible
a little differently, than it is physicists it is presented. Including and
what dust is swept up under a carpet.
Let's
add, that in a science is not present, and there can not be hierarchies. It is
possible to admit that physicists-theorists can have snobbery elements in
relation to simple chemists. But then it is necessary to be consecutive, and
also to concern and chemist Nobel and his inheritance.
Physicists
and chemists have a little different methodology and philosophy of researches.
But in a science there are no universal methods of researches, the science
always is a complex of mutually supplemented methods. The true including
scientific, seldom is born in dispute, more often it is a fruit of the
coordination of various sights. The problem of subnuclear transformations in
an equal measure concerns both physicists, and chemistry. Physicists
underestimate technological possibilities of modern accelerators. For them
accelerators of elementary particles – no more than the microscopes
investigating a microcosm. But it is " weapon " microscopes!
And in the course of the perfection they steadily come nearer to subnuclear
reactors. While proceeding processes, probably, are limited to only individual
"events" in a pulse mode. However under certain conditions the
accelerating reactor can pass and in a continuous mode with chain processes of
subnuclear transformations. The subnuclear physics (subnuclear physic) is at
the initial stage of the development, a stage of an initial set of statistics.
Its natural companion - the subnuclear chemistry was not issued also in the
term.
Ignorance
of laws of nature does not release from consequences for their infringement.
In
physical experiments on the accelerators similar to LHC, the problem of their
danger lays in a chemical plane, in course of uncontrollable chain subnuclear
chemical processes. And, despite optimistic statements of physicists-theorists
for full safety of LHC accelerator (within the limits of physical models)
there are big doubts that it is safe as a subnuclear chemical reactor. At all
achievement (real and virtual) private physical and mathematical sciences,
general common sense, the general chemical laws, nobody cancelled. In reactors
should be engaged, first of all chemists-technologists, physical chemists,
experts in processes and devices of chemical manufactures. Physicists and
mathematicians, as a rule, are useful at a stage of optimization of already
studied processes with the turned out technological statistics when it is
possible to create mathematical model of process. And when mathematicians and
physicists are engaged in reactors exclusively with the highest qualification,
it is not necessary to wait anything good. In subnuclear reactors, like LHC
accelerator, not settlement luminosity, but actual concentration of a stream
of particles is the major indicator.
Consideration
of not considered risks of forthcoming experiments on LHC accelerator, as a
subnuclear chemical reactor is the purpose of the given publication. And if
there are critical elements in it, they are valid and are constructive
criticism in relation to colleagues-physicists. I hope, that physicists, not
necessarily present generation, will state, as it is accepted in science,
gratitude for valuable critical remarks. And, probably, they will help to
leave on more safe decisions in extreme-experimental physical activity. It is
desirable absolutely safe.
In
the beginning we will consider what we already have – CERN report on safety
of experiments on LHC accelerator/3/.
CERN
– nature has already set up "LHC - experimental programs".
Literally:
The
LHC compared with Cosmic-Ray Collisions.
The
LHC is designed to collide two counter-rotating beams of protons or heavy ions.
Proton-proton collisions are foreseen at energy of 7 TeV per beam. An equivalent
energy in the centre of mass would be obtained in the collision of a
cosmic-ray proton with a fixed target such as the Earth or some other
astronomical body if its energy reaches or exceeds 108 GeV, i.e.,
1017 eV [4]. When the LHC attains its design collision rate, it
will produce about a billion proton-proton collisions per second in each of
the major detectors ATLAS and CMS. The effective amount of time each year that
the LHC will produce collisions at this average luminosity is about ten
million seconds. Hence, each of the two major detectors is expecting to obtain
about 1017 proton-proton collisions over the planned duration of
the experiments.
As
seen in Fig. 1, the highest-energy cosmic rays observed attain energies of
around 1020 eV, and the total flux of cosmic rays with
energies of 1017 eV or more that hit each square centimetre of the
Earth’s surface is measured to be about 5x10–14 per second [5].
The area of the Earth’s surface is about 5x1018 square
centimetres, and the age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years. Therefore,
over 3x1022 cosmic rays with energies of 1017 eV or more,
equal to or greater than the LHC energy, have struck the Earth’s surface
since its formation. This means [6] that Nature has already conducted the
equivalent of about a hundred thousand LHC experimental programmes on Earth
already – and the planet still exists.
Other
astronomical bodies are even larger. For example, the radius of Jupiter is
about ten times that of the Earth, and the radius of the Sun is a factor of
ten larger still. The surface area of the Sun is therefore 10,000 times that
of the Earth, and Nature has therefore already conducted the LHC experimental
programme about one billion times via the collisions of cosmic rays with the
Sun – and the Sun still exists.
Moreover,
our Milky Way galaxy contains about 1011 stars with sizes similar
to our Sun, and there are about 1011 similar galaxies in the
visible Universe. Cosmic rays have been hitting all these stars at rates
similar to collisions with our own Sun. This means that Nature has already
completed about 1031 LHC experimental programmes since the
beginning of the Universe. Moreover, each second, the Universe is continuing
to repeat about 3x1013 complete LHC experiments. There is no
indication that any of these previous “LHC experiments” has ever had any
large-scale consequences ".
Thus,
the basic thesis about safety of experiments on LHC accelerator is reduced to
that similar experiments and are repeatedly put for a long time by
nature.
This
argument as definitively fact in evidence, is duplicated in means of the mass
and scientific and technical information.
Let's
result only some, accessible in the Internet:
Vitaly
Ginzburg, the
academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Prize winner/4/:
–
The fear of global cataclysm at start of the TANK is an idiocy and nonsense.
Authoritative experts have calculated everything for a long time and have
proved, that process does not leave from under the control. We speak not about
irresponsible experience, but about serious research experiment which has a
safety margin on many ranges. But on the other hand – facile optimism in the
given questions is unreasonable. At all my conviction, I nevertheless suppose
that all the same there is the smallest probability of development of event
under the dangerous scenario. The matter is that all of us know that we live
in confidence, that the extremely rare events in the nature do not exist.
Perhaps, it is not a very good example, but all of us know that the person
cannot revive after death. However billions people all over the world are
assured, that revival of the Christ really took place. Therefore I would not
begin to say, that this event is absolutely improbable. And still I consider
that threat to mankind is represented more not by collider, but by falling to
the Earth a huge meteorite.
The
Nobel winner, the former general director of CERN Robert Ajmar /5/:
"
-
The LHC is safe, and any suggestion that it might present a risk is pure
fiction.
Head
of the project ALICE/PHOS CERN the doctor of physical and mathematical
sciences V.Manko/6/:
"This
question sharply faced before the start of RHIC. The question was discussed,
whether the black hole in which our Universe will be lost, or, at least, our
Earth is formed as a result of experiment. For removal of fears the special
commission was created, which has come to conclusion that the probability of
such succession of events is simply equal to zero because events will be
developed on very small scales, the formed clot of quark-gluon plasma will
have scales of an atomic nucleus and" will live "very short time.
For the Earth anything terrible will not occur".
Specified
report of CERN comes to the end with the phrase:
"Since
our methodology is based on empirical reasoning based on experimental
observations, it would be applicable to other exotic phenomena that might
raise concerns in the future". The same conclusion is in the
corresponding report on safety of accelerator RHIC/7/:
"Ultimately,
we rely on compelling physics arguments which, we believe, exclude a dangerous
event beyond any reasonable level of concern".
This
categoriality of representatives of physics of elementary particles also
guards, as in a classical science such statements are not accepted. They in
general are unacceptable, as the science is based on constant doubt. And when
so categorical statements sound, doubts only amplify. We will not forget that
this discipline is only at the initial stage of the development. Therefore in
an epigraph words of the wise Buddha also are given.
Doubts,
as a rule, are resolved by independent complex examination. In scientific
researches, at scientific and technical examination the complex of methods is
usually applied. The independent expert appraisal of a complex of methods
guarantees against possible methodological errors of one of them.
The
expert report on safety of LHC accelerator is necessary for perceiving as one
of such private methods. This scientific work is prepared by the group of
physicists-theorists. And as scientific work within the limits of existing
physical models it has the certain importance. And no more . In such quality
it proves only theoretical safety of LHC accelerator and the future
accelerators in frameworks of only physical models. And actual safety (and
danger) will be empirically established. As a rule, by working out of new
technologies the possible risks, dangerous limits try to define at initial
stage. And in the given concrete case - to the high-energy physic, dangerous
limits are not established and not expected at all!
Also
it is a problem ¹ 1.,
All
applied sciences and industrial productions have certain restrictions, and a
branch of safety precautions. Only the physics of elementary particles, high
energy asserts, that all technically achievable experiments in this area are
absolutely safe. And only because in space streams there are particles with
any energy. But in space as it will be shown further, a little bit other
phenomenon, than, so to say, colliding, take place.
But
to begin with, we will consider a problem from the metrological party (metrology
- a science about measurements).
As
the first managing director of the Main Board of Weights and Measures of
Russia, outstanding Russian scientist D.Mendeleev spoke: "the Science
begins when we start to measure; the exact science is inconceivable without a
measure". And the second procedure after measurement is comparison. We
will look, what is really measured, and how it is compared.
Luminosity
and density of streams of particles.
Physicists
apply for researches of so-called "elementary" particles two types
of accelerating installations:
-
accelerators with a motionless target
-
accelerators with counter bunches (colliders).
In
accelerators of the first type particles after acceleration are directed on a
motionless target. Thus only the part of kinetic energy is spent for not
elastic (deformation) interaction of investigated particles, its bigger part
remains in a kinetic kind. The accelerator of such type exists in nature, as
high energy space particles continuously bombard space bodies, including the
Earth. In accelerators of the second type there is a head-on collision of the
particles, thus practically all kinetic energy Ecoll passes into internal
energy of not elastic interaction of particles. Accelerators of two types are
considered to be equivalent if besides the same facing particles; they have
equal energy, spent for not elastic interaction. The formula for equivalent
accelerators (on their energy in the center of weights) is/8/:
Where:
Elin
and Ecoll - energy of the accelerator with a motionless target and collider;
m
- weight of rest of a proton (938000000 eV).
Proceeding
from it, for LHC collider with energy of protons 7*1012 eV will be
equivalent the accelerator with a motionless target with energy of particles
5,22*1016. As it is reflected in mentioned report of CERN.
And
now about what is not reflected.
By
comparison of accelerators of two types, besides energy, it is necessary to
compare a stream of particles. Technical characteristics of a stream – its
density (or intensity) as quantity of particles on area unit in unit of time.
As it has been already mentioned, the density of a stream of space particles
of the equivalent energy bombarding a terrestrial surface makes 5x10–14
particles/cm2*sec. For accelerators the base characteristic is the
luminosity showing, how many interaction certificates in a second occur
between particles of a bunch and a target at individual section of this
interaction. Luminosity has the same dimension, as stream density, but pays
off other method. Calculation of luminosity for collider is made under the
formula/10/:
Where:
f
– frequency of rotation of a bunch (the revolution frequency is given by the
circumference), f=11.246 kHz.
N:
quantity of protons in each bunch (the bunch population) – N=1.15x1011
protons
k
– quantity of clots in a bunch (number of bunches), 2808
The
geometrical sizes of a bunch in a collision zone, 16 mkm=0,0016cm2.
Calculation
leads to design value of luminosity LHC:
L=9,81653*1033≈1*1034
cm-2 sec-1.
By
technical definition the density of a stream of particles I in each
bunch of ions in LHC accelerator is from the formula:
and
makes 1*1024particles/cm2*sec. Accordingly, for two
counter bunches the stream density in a zone of their collision will be twice
above.
For
accelerators with a motionless target intensity of a stream and luminosity
coincide/9/.
Thus, for the accelerator space-earth luminosity and density of a stream of
space beams with energy 1017 eV makes 5x10–14
collisions/cm2*sec.
It
is necessary to add, that LHC accelerator, as well as other colliders, are
accelerators of the mixed type and accelerators on counter bunches, and
accelerators with a motionless target. It is connected with that the part of
particles in the course of their acceleration constantly leaves area of
magnetic focusing and is lost. These losses are distributed on all perimeter
of accelerating rings, irradiating its material. In case of full loss of a
bunch in a zone of its focusing, it is under abnormal condition deduced from
an accelerating ring, and all its energy is utilized on a special motionless
target (BEAM deposit).
So,
we have the following, already comparable parameters of accelerators (table
1).
Table
1
Density
of a stream of particles and luminosity of LHC accelerator and the Nature accelerator
with a motionless target (space-earth).
|
|
The
accelerator
|
|
Parameter
|
LHC
(as collider)
|
LHC
(as the accelerator with a motionless target)
|
Nature
accelerator
|
|
Density
of a stream,
particles/cm2*sec
|
1*1024
|
1*1024
|
5*10-14
|
|
Luminosity,
particles/cm2*sec
|
1*1034
|
1*1024
|
5*10-14
|
As
we see, density (intensity) of a technogenic stream of high-energy particles
in LHC accelerator on 38 usages above density of a stream of equivalent energy
(equivalent energy) the natural space accelerator.
For
presentation: in 100000000000000000000000000000000000000!
On
parameter "luminosity" this distinction is even bigger – on 48
ranges.
It
is possible to compare density of a technogenic stream with density of
a stream of space particles with energy 1010 eV (approximately
1 particle/cm2 sec). And in this case differences will be on 24
ranges.
Thus,
LHC accelerator on density of a stream of particles and luminosity has even no
remote natural analogues.
Also
it is a problem ¹ 2.
To
assert, that the nature has put on the Earth set of "LHC-experiments"
scientifically and technically incorrectly as the compared phenomena have
astronomical differences on stream and luminosity density. And, hence, on the
frequency, proceeding events in unit of time on area unit.
Probably,
in depths of space streams of high energy and density take place. But in the
nature there are only dispersing streams of particles with radially decreasing
density. So concentrated streams of particles, commensurable to scientific
accelerators of elementary particles, in nature, apparently, does not exist.
There are no colliders in nature with their rigid magnetic focusing of a
stream of particles and their high concentration. Colliders were thought
up G.Budker.
Also
it is a problem ¹ 3.
In
astronomical volume of space counter collisions of microscopic particles
coinciding on an axis are practically improbable.
The
collision fact of highly energetic space particles
with motionless space bodies is only one real fact – individual impacts
of space microparticles with space objects do not lead to any consequences
in macroscale. Natural objects, apparently, are capable to compensate
blows of single space particles of any energy.
Commensurable
on energy (≈1017 eV) to LHC accelerator the natural stream of
space particles (flux of cosmic rays) is a stream of 5*10-14
particles on cm2 of a terrestrial surface per second is a very
unusual occurrence. And on its physical essence it is difficult to name a
stream as on the area of a terrestrial surface equal 2000 km2 on
the average only one particle of the specified energy falls every second. Or
on each square centimeter of a surface of the Earth only one such particle for
600 thousand years falls. Falling of particles with big energy is even more an
unusual occurrence. For example, on 1 m2 borders atmospheres for 1
million years one particle with E≈1019 åV
falls only.
And
this very rare natural phenomenon can be made by formal mathematical
procedures mass, having increased on quantities of astronomical objects in the
Universe and cosmological time. Such mathematical procedure - applications of
the big numbers, takes the central place in report of CERN. But from any
mathematical procedures the essence of the physical phenomenon does not vary
at all – individual and absent-minded impacts of space particles of high
energy with space objects remain individual and absent-minded impacts.
However,
physicists-theorists can and insist further, that the nature has already put
on the Earth set of "LHC - experimental programs".
And
now we will get acquainted with other documents.
The
enriched uranium-235 and natural radio-activity.
"Our
national scientific project "Uranium-235" has an object allocation
of an isotope of uranium-235 from natural uranium (a mix of three isotopes -
U-234 (0.0054 %), U-235 (0.7110 %), U-238 (99.2836 %)) with further use of
this material as a source of thermal neutrons (energy 0.2eV ) in various
spheres – science, medicine, technological processes, new materials, etc.
Radio-activity U-235 is near 0.002 Curie (disintegration in a second/g)
with issue of 2-3 neutrons on one disintegration. When necessary degree of
enrichment of an isotope of uranium-235 (more than 80 % of the basic substance)
is reached, the general issue of thermal neutrons counting on a design
operating time (1000 kg of enriched U-235) will make 2000 neutrons in a second.
The residual maintenance of isotopes of uranium in earth crust is 0.0003 %.
The earth crust weight is estimated by size 1.8*1018 tons. Hence,
stocks of isotope U-235 on the Earth make approximately 6*1010 tons
with total issue 2,4*1013 thermal neutrons in a second.
Half-life period of U-235 makes approximately 710 million years. As a result
of natural radio-activity of uranium-235 for this period in earth crust it has
been let out already about 1*1030 thermal neutrons. It means that
the Nature has already spent on the Earth set of experiments on issue of
thermal neutrons from this isotope of uranium. And the planet exists!
Therefore our project on allocation of an isotope of uranium-235 has
especially peace scientific character and does not represent the slightest
danger ".
From
the point of view of the formal scientific logic this invented document
and report of CERN have equal logic and demonstrative base. And from the point
of view of sensible technical sense? Who has not understood, ask those who has
understood. And you will be explained, that the sense is not in astronomical
quantity of uranium-235, but in its quality, to be exact concentration. The
enriched uranium-235 has critical weight on achievement of which chain
reaction of nuclear division develops. The big energy of connections in a
kernel (defect of weights) is thus allocated. Briefly - nuclear explosion. It
is practical nuclear physics, with macro experiments in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
And
for practical subnuclear physics the possible critical threshold of
spontaneous allocation energy of connections is not considered at all.
Probably, because there is a conviction in that, as new experiments, as well
as already spent earlier, will be limited to individual "events".
Yes, it is possible to assert, that all under the full control as there is
only 1 billion part of gram of substance in accelerating system and in the
process of impacts even less - 10 (-24) gram. But it is in theoretical
ideality! And in a practical reality it can be quite differently. Sooner or
later from individual untied among them selves "events" there will
be a purposeful continuous process. Quantities micro will turn up in quality
macro - microphysics will pass in macrochemistry.
And
then everything of what dreamt will be possible. But with New Physics the New
Chemistry will also come. And for the last meeting physics are not ready.
And
now we will consider the physical nature of collision (or blow), taking the
central place in physics of accelerators.
Blow
- the theory and practice.
Blow
as the physical and technical phenomenon, has been known for a long time. And
engineering science has its theory/11/.
"Blow
(or collision) is a short-term interaction of bodies in the result of which
their speed gets considerable changes. In mechanic two models of shock
interaction are used – absolutely elastic and absolutely not elastic blow.
At absolutely elastic blow laws of preservation of mechanical energy and an
impulse are carried out. Absolutely not elastic blow is such a shock
interaction at which bodies incorporate (stick together) with each other and
move further as one body. At absolutely not elastic blow mechanical energy
does not remain. It partially or completely passes in internal energy of
bodies (heating). During collision of bodies between them the short-term shock
forces are acting, and their size, as a rule, is unknown. Application of laws
of conservation of energy and impulse in many cases allows to exclude process
of collision from consideration and to receive communication between speeds of
bodies before collision, passing all intermediate values of these sizes "
Let's
look at the picture of this known phenomenon particularly - through a prism of
change of speed (or braking) at blow. At blow there is always a brake or
negative acceleration. And soft blow or severe entirely depends on a brake
way. At least, motorists will agree with this. On a brake way with length
about 1 fm (the size of a proton makes about 1 fm (10-15) and time
about 3,3 10-24 seconds speed of protons from the light falls down
to the zero. The braking size (negative acceleration) will make 8,98*1031
m./sec2 . Let’s comparable this size with the size of
acceleration of free falling 9.8 m/sec2. Such overloads are capable to
influence stability practically of any natural object, including kernels of
atoms and nucleons making it. Only at a head-on collision of bodies with equal
kinetic parameters a resultant speed will be close to zero, and accordingly
the absolute size of braking will be maximum. Under all other conditions in
collisions at which a resultant speed of participants of collision will be
nonzero, braking will be much less.
And
if we look through a prism of brake accelerations at collisions of space
particles and collision of particles in colliders, it is possible to see their
basic difference.
So
energy of single space particles in gas atmosphere of the Earth is distributed
among a considerable quantity of particles and represents cascade process.
This phenomenon is known as Air shower /12/.
The
number of particles in Air shower is huge: in a maximum it is
proportional to energy of a primary particle and can reach billion.
Collision
of space beams with crystal bodies has some other character. And consequently,
it is useful to mention a question of crystal structure and its connection
with properties of substances what makes a subject crystal chemistry.
The
crystal structure/13/from the point of view of crystal chemistry is
characterized by an infinite spatial lattice i.e. consists of identical
elementary cells. The last have the form of parallelepipeds with the parties a,
b, and c, with and corners ±, ², ³,
(lattice parameters) and adjoin the whole sides (see the drawing). Sometimes
instead of the term «crystal structure» we use the term «a crystal lattice».
On character of communication between atoms or structural fragments
distinguish covalent crystals, ionic crystals, metal crystals and
van-der-vaals crystals. This division is conditional, however typical
representatives of different groups sharply differ on properties, for example
on energy of structure (the energy necessary for separation of a firm body on
separate atoms, ions or the molecules, carried to one mol of crystal substance).
So, for crystals SiC energy of structure 1180 kJ/mol,
for ionic NaÑ1 752 kJ/mol, for metal sodium 108 kJ/mol.
These
data are useful because they allow to compare energy of particles in
accelerators (10 (12) eV/nucleon) with energy of crystal structure (1000 kJ/mol=1åV/atom)
and specific energy of communication of nucleons in atoms (10 (7) eV/nucleon).
As we see, destructive energy of particles exceeds both energy of crystal
structure, and energy of intranuclear forces.
Kinetic
energy of one high-energy space particle will be spent on many interactions
with participation of intracrystal and intranuclear connections of atoms of
substance of a target. It will be distributed on time and on set of partners.
In
the firm bodies which typical representatives are crystal structures,
character of collision will be, in effect, similar to
phenomenon Air shower in gas atmosphere. Also that it
so, follows from a base principle of action of detectors-calorimeters
of accelerators/14/:
“Calorimeters
measure energy of elementary particles. For this purpose on the way of
particles we put a thick layer of dense substance (usually heavy metal —
lead, iron, or brass). The particle in it faces with electrons or kernels of
atoms and generates as a result a stream of secondary particles — a downpour.
Energy of an initial particle is distributed between all particles of a
downpour so energy of each separate particle in this downpour becomes small.
As a result the downpour jams in thickness of substance, its particles are
absorbed and annihilated, some, quite defined, energy share is allocated in
the form of light. This flash of light gathers at ends faces of a calorimeter
by photo multipliers which transform it into an electric impulse. Besides, it
is possible to measure energy of a downpour, collecting ionization by
sensitive plates.
Electrons
and photons, passing through substance, face basically electronic covers of
atoms and generate an electromagnetic downpour — a stream from the big
number of electrons, positrons and photons. Such downpours quickly develop on
small depth and some are absorbed in a layer of substance by thickness of tens
centimeters. High-energy hadrons (protons, neutrons,
pi-mezony and K-mezony) lose energy mainly at the expense of collisions with
kernels. By the way hadron downpour is generated, which gets much more
deeply into thickness of substance, than electromagnetic, and besides wider. That’s
why to completely absorb hadron downpour from a particle of very high
energy, it is required one-two meter of substance ”.
And
the intermediate picture of distribution of energy, apparently, is observed at
collisions of single particles with liquids.
And
what occurs at collisions of single space particles with substance in an
extreme condition of which "white dwarfs" consist, neutron stars,
quasars, pulsars etc.? Apparently, the same, as for usual substance - blow is
is absorbed in volume. At collisions of space particles with substance of a
target their speed also will gradually decrease with light to the zero. As
this process will occupy rather long time the braking size ( of negative
acceleration), will be much lower, than at front blow in colliders. Formal
equivalence of specific energy at collisions of particles of high energy in
collider and in nature yet does not mean an actual equivalent of the received
deformations. Specific energy of blow Eu (there is also such technical term),
spent for deformation of one particle, in collider, probably, exceeds that, at
collisions of space particles with a motionless body.
Let's
quote opinion of one more expert/15/:
“For
example, in the advanced accelerator electrons are dispersed so strongly, that
their weight in two hundred thousand times exceeds weight of an electron in
rest. We will admit now, that this accelerated heavy electron will face with
electron of motionless target as it was done in early experiments. What will
occur? Practically the same as when the steam locomotive will meet fuzz on the
way – they will continue the way to a direction of heavier body. If two
steam locomotives or two accelerated electrons meet head-on, all their energy
will go on their destruction then absolutely new particles with the weight
equivalent to total energy facing electrons can be born”.
As
we see, the concrete picture of shock collisions of space particles and
particles in colliders essentially differ. Colliders are absolutely physical
destroyers. To compare absent-minded space beams and colliders, it is possible
only formally. And by a principle of shock interaction and by reached result
these accelerators differ very strongly.
"Nature
does not set up
LHC-experiments". Or in other formulation:
"LHC-experiments
have no analogues in nature".
And
from what is not present in nature, it is not necessary to expect any
naturalness.
Also
it is a problem ¹
4.
But
we will continue consideration of shock interaction.
In
physical chemistry there is a corresponding theory of collisions for reaction
of reactions in gas phase. The relativistic physics has the features of
collisions of particles and reaction course between them. These are high
energies and speeds, their transience (nearby 10 (-24) sec), impacts, and also
presence of an electric charge at facing particles. At non-elastic collisions
reacting particles form compound kernel-cluster (a transitive or active
complex). Depending on collision and energy geometry this unstable formation
breaks up to initial components or gives products of chemical reaction. The
result of non-elastic collision of particles in colliders also depends on many
factors, but especially, from distance center to center weights (impact
parameter b) of facing particles.
Here
we would like to stop. In physical chemistry at thermodynamic and spectral
researches energy of electrons, and kinetic energy, vibrational energy
and rotational energy of molecules are considered. In usual conditions kinetic
energy of progress which depends on speed of movement, can accept any values,
sizes of electronic, oscillatory and rotational energy of a molecule have
various usages.
So
energy of electronic transitions has an order of some electron-volt,
oscillatory energy is measured by the tenth and 100-th shares of electron volt
and rotational energy – thousand and ten thousand shares electron-volt/16/.
At small energy and speeds of rotational making full energy in view of its
small sizes is usually neglected. And at the high ones? At collisions of two
relativistic nucleons absolute coincidence of their centers of weights (impact
parameter b=0) is improbable. But only in that case the spherical-symmetric
compound kernel has no rotational energy as it consists of indiscernible
particles and at turn passes in itself/17/.
And consequently any areas of facing particles do not coincide. The
spherical-nonsymmetrical compound kernel will obligatory have rotational
energy. Recognizing that nucleons are strong and integral (rather each other)
material formations (not taking into consideration the surprising world in
an atomic nucleus - quarks etc.,) at bound together binuclear complex
inevitably there will be a rotational energy and, accordingly, the rotational
moment. The size of the rotational moment will be proportional to a relative
share of not blocked areas of particles.
|
|
 |
Rotational energy of this bunch can be defined approximately from the
known formula for a rigid duplicator (flywheel)
,
where I - the inertia moment, 
-
- angular speed, m-weight, r - radius. After transformations we get total
expression 
From
the given expression it is simple to count up angular speed n which
gets a duplicator-cluster from two stuck together protons, depending on values
of rotational energy. Calculation is mostly simplified as in it quantum and
other parameters are not considered. The size order, instead of its exact
value is more important. And more exact calculations is a subject of
additional researches for experts. It is possible to see results of
calculations in table 2.
As
we see even at presence of 0,01 % of not blocked weight cluster, value of
rotational energy will make 1,4*109 eV (1,4 GeV), and the number of
turns of the cluster will make more than 8,24*1022 turns \minute.
At so big speed of rotation, accordingly, there are also big centrifugal
forces. That, probably, also is a principal cause for such short time of
existence of proton cluster. And also it can be a possible source of radiation.
It is only assumptions, with which physics of microcosm is rich.
Table
2.
Rotational
energy and number of turns of binuclear cluster from two protons.
|
Not
blocked weight, % from the full
|
rotational
energy, eV
|
Radius r,
m
|
Number
of turns, about/sec
|
|
50
|
7E+12
|
1E-15
|
5,82558E+24
|
|
40
|
5,6E+12
|
1E-15
|
5,21055E+24
|
|
30
|
4,2E+12
|
1E-15
|
4,51247E+24
|
|
20
|
2,8E+12
|
1E-15
|
3,68442E+24
|
|
10
|
1,4E+12
|
1E-15
|
2,60528E+24
|
|
1
|
1,4E+11
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+23
|
|
0,1
|
1,4E+10
|
5E-16
|
2,60528E+23
|
|
0,01
|
1400000000
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+22
|
|
0,001
|
140000000
|
5E-16
|
2,60528E+22
|
|
0,0001
|
14000000
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+21
|
|
0,00001
|
1400000
|
5E-16
|
2,60528E+21
|
|
0,000001
|
140000
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+20
|
|
0,0000001
|
14000
|
5E-16
|
2,60528E+20
|
|
0,00000001
|
1400
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+19
|
|
0,000000001
|
140
|
5E-16
|
2,60528E+19
|
|
1E-10
|
14
|
5E-16
|
8,23861E+18
|
In
the theory of colliders rotational energy and the rotational moment at
collisions of particles, judging by publications as essential parameters, in
calculation is not accepted. The theory of colliders is constructed on that
practically all kinetic energy of facing particles passes in internal (potential),
and then is spent for course of subnuclear transformations. Distracting from a
question, as rotational energy influences end results of experiments in
accelerators (an impulse and energy of particles), we will notice, that
physicists often refer to S.Hawking’s hypothesis about evaporation of "black
holes" by radiation (Hawking radiation). In due time S.Hawking has agreed
with J.Zeldovich’s opinion, that "black holes" should roll18/.
If hypothetical "black holes" including mini- can lose energy
through radiation, their direct predecessor - binuclear complex, should have
this energy of rotation in stock. And this energy should be somehow credited
under laws of its preservation. But it lays on the surface and the author, not
being, an expert in the given problem, cannot do any categorical conclusions.
But
all the same it spins!
Also
it is a problem ¹ 5.
And
now we will consider conditions at which stabilization of short live complex
from two nucleons can be reached. Except for an ideal case (impact parameter b=0)
it is possible at its collision with the third particle. In physical chemistry
it is considered, that the role of the third particle consists in tap of
energy from an active complex thanks to what it does not break up to initial
atoms.
In
case of collision of relativistic particles by the third particle involved in
collision of previous two, can be as a relativistic particle, so usual
substance. In this case life time of clusters essentially would increase. To
overcome the internal forces providing integrity of protons very big specific
energy is necessary. While there are no certificates that the proton structure
is destroyed. Those processes, which are investigated at non-elastic collision,
it is possible to carry more likely to the category of deformations of this
structure. Proton "reservation", apparently, has very big safety
factor. But at purposeful effort any reservation can be destroyed sooner or
later. At hit in active complex the the third particle, it leads up process of
time deformation to a definitive stage of destruction. The rotational
moment as the element of proton protection, will be neutralized. It also
will be the destruction of an "immortal" proton. And the present
subnuclear reaction with destruction of proton structure. Probably, it will be
what physicists already named a quark-gluon plasma (QGP). With participation
of the third particle it will be a little bit other, present true quark-gluon
plasma (true QGP). It is possible to designate this condition as a hyper
kernel l (hyper nuclei) or strange droplets (strangelets) or something other.
But this released of proton fetters and already free subnuclear substance is
simple so, without consequences, will not disappear.
|
|
 |
However even simple calculations show, that the probability
of threefold collision (as double) is even less than sequence, than
probability of actually double collision of particles. The radius of a kernel
of a proton makes nearby 1 fm (10-13 cm), and here action radius
coulomb forces interfering rapprochement of kernels in a bunch, in one th
ousand
times more. And for short lifetime complex from two
protons 10-24 sec, the particle, moving with sub light speed,
will overcome distance no more than several fermi. And as the next protons of
a clot-bunch are on larger distance their direct collision with complex from
two protons in a direction of an axis of collision, even is theoretically
excluded. But there is a ricochet possibility in this complex
of protons which have changed the direction of movement at elastic
collisions. There is also a hit possibility in short life complex the
secondary particles formed at collisions. And in LHC accelerator the quantity
of such particles is supposed to be to 50 000 for one collision bunch.
There
are also other possibilities, which will be considered later. But the best
possibility is represented by collisions of heavy ions - lead, gold, etc.
In
case of head-on collisions of heavy ions the third particles - the next
nucleons of a kernel are on distances of an order 1 fm. And all problem is
reduced to coincidence of the center of weights of three nucleons. The real
picture after threefold collision can appear a little bit another, than after
double one. Lifetime of this cluster by microcosm measures will be long enough,
that reaction will allow to occur to formation of a new material phase in
already presented subnuclear one . And in this new phase-substance all new and
new portions of initial raw materials will arrive. And this will be the
beginning of New Chemistry.
New
Chemistry. The beginning.
Chemistry studies structure, properties and transformations of substances, and
also the phenomena, which accompany these transformations. As a result of
chemical transformations of substance some chemical bonds are broken off and
other chemical bonds are formed, and energy is allocated or absorbed. Basic
attention is paid to energy of chemical bonds in chemistry. The same chemical
element depending on the nature of connections can give chemical compounds
absolutely different in the properties.
Chemical
processes occur in mol scale (and derivatives of this size). One mol is such
quantity of substance which contains NA=6,0022045*1023
structural units (atoms, molecules, ions). Number NA equal to
6,0022045± 0,000031*1023 mol-1 is called as Avogadro
constant (Avogadro number) and is the fundamental physical constants. Avogadro
constant establishes, that 1 mol of any ideal gas under normal
conditions (1,01*105 Pa (760 Mm hg, 00Ñ))
occupies identical volume (22,413831±0,00070*10-3m3.)
In
the Internet data on technical parameters operating (RHIC, Tevatron, LHC) and
future (LHC-2, HF VLHC) accelerators of elementary particles are accessible.
Physic technical parameters of accelerators by data/19,
20,
21/have
been counted by the author (for self-checking) and are shown in the general
table. On the basis of physical-technical parameters of accelerators physical
and chemical parameters of clots-banches (density of the stream of ions, their
volume concentration, vacuum, etc.) are calculated As the given publication is
intended for readers already having elementary idea about accelerators, the
description of parameters and a principle of work of accelerators falls, as
there is no special sense to supplement already available publications.
On
physic technical parameters of accelerators there is nothing to say for the
author, except:
Progress
is available, but also it is not a limit!
Concerning
physical and chemical parameters, we will notice, that from the point of view
of chemistry accelerators are chemical reactors for carrying out subnuclear
reactions in a gas phase. In accelerating rings of colliders circulate
two opposite directed bunches of separate bunches-clots. In spite of the fact
that bunches of ions circulate in deep vacuum, the magnetic system forms at
the moment of collision separate dense clots of the charged ions in the form
of thin needles. And the matter density in these needles essentially differs
from vacuum density, in which they move.
Let's
pass directly to physical and chemical parameters.
1.
bunch volume.
At
cross-section section of a bunch (cross section), equal to 0,00000256 cm2
and length of a bunch (bunch length) equal to 7,55 cm, volume of a bunch in a
zone of collision of LHC accelerator are made by 0,000019328 cm3.
The cross-section section bunch in its turn represents product of the
cross-section sizes of a bunch (beam size at IP), 0,0016cm*0,0016cm.
2.
Ions beam density, a unit/cm2*sec
This
indicator is estimated as cup product of the period of rotation (revolution
period) on quantity of ions in one bunch (ions per bunch) and on quantity of
bunches in a ring (bunches per ring) divided by cross-section of a bunch. For
LHC accelerator stream density will make 8,8925E-05* 1,05E+11*2808/0,00000256=1,29516E+24
a unit/sm2*sec This value has been resulted above at comparison of LHC
accelerators and the natural accelerator (space-earth).
3.
volume concentration, a unit/cm3
This
size is defined as quantity of ions in one bunch (ions per bunch) carried to
its volume. 1,05E+11/0,000019328=5,43253E+15
a unit/cm3
4.
mol of ions per bunch
is defined as quantity of ions in one bunch/number Avogadro
1,05E+11/6,022045E+23=1,74359E-13
5.
vacuum system particle volume concentration, a unit/cm3
According to/22/
vacuum in the accelerating system LHC, equal 1E-10 torr corresponds to volume
concentration of particles 30000 units/cm3
6.
vacuum system beam time between threefold collisions, second
Time
definition between threefold impacts in LHC reactor is a subject of separate
consideration. But as a first approximation for a basis it is possible to take
results of already available researches of course of processes in interstellar
clouds/23
It is necessary, that in a space threefold collisions between atoms of
hydrogen occur to characteristic time
t3≈1031/d2,
Where:
d
- density (volume concentration) particles in interstellar clouds, particles/cm3.
At
density of particles in vacuum system about 30000 unit/cm3 what is
close to density of particles in space, 2,44674E+12 sec (hundred
billion years!).
7.
beam time between threefold collisions, sec
In
conformity with the above-stated formula at volume concentration of particles
in bunch time between threefold collisions in proton bunch LHC is 0,338840439
seconds
8.
Quantity of threefold impacts in a bunch (beam number of threefold collisions),
sec-1
Size
reciprocal time between threefold impacts in a bunch is 1/0,338840439 sec=2,951241602.
About three collisions in a second.
9.
Vacuum in bunch (beam vacuum), torr.
Recognizing
that vacuum 1E-10 torr corresponds to volume concentration of particles of
30000 ed/cm3, volume concentration of ions in a bunch 5,43253E+15 unit/cm3
corresponds to vacuum 0,181084437 torr. Alternative calculation of
vacuum is made proceeding from number and law of Avogadro.
Corresponding
calculations are made and for other accelerators. But, in the made
calculations certain errors are inevitable. But 10 times received sizes; it
has not made essential impact. The obtained data on parameters of accelerators
are resulted in table 3.
Table
3.
Key
parametres of accelerators Tevatron, RHIC, LHC, LHC-2, HF VLHC.
|
Accelerator
|
Tevatron*
|
LHC*
|
LHC-2
|
HF VLHC
|
RHIC*
|
LHC*
|
|
Physical-technical
parameters
|
|
ion species)
|
p-p
|
p-p
|
p-p
|
p-p
|
Au-Au
|
Pb-Pb
|
|
speed
of light, cm/sec
|
29979200000
|
|
(Speed
of ion, concerning speed of light
|
0,999999506
|
0,999999991
|
0,999999998
|
0,9999999998
|
0,999999991
|
0,999999991
|
|
speed
of ion, cm/s, cm/sec
|
29979185190
|
29979199730
|
29979199933
|
29979199995
|
29977914856
|
29979198293
|
|
rest
energy, eV
|
938000000
|
|
Relativistic
factor
|
1006,05467
|
7453,559961
|
14925,3734
|
53304,88798
|
108
|
2963,5
|
|
Circumference,
cm
|
628300
|
2665900
|
2665900
|
8900000
|
383400
|
2665900
|
|
revolution
frequency, about/sec
|
47714,76236
|
11245,43296
|
11245,43304
|
3368,449438
|
78189,65794
|
11245,43242
|
|
revolution
period, sec
|
2,09579E-05
|
8,8925E-05
|
8,8925E-05
|
0,000296872
|
1,27894E-05
|
8,8925E-05
|
|
beam
size at IP, cm
|
0,0029
|
0,0016
|
0,00074
|
0,0009/0,00009
|
0,015
|
0,00159
|
|
ions
per bunch
|
2,4E+11
|
1,05E+11
|
1,05E+11
|
1,25E+10
|
1,00E+09
|
7,00E+07
|
|
Bunches
per ring
|
36
|
2808
|
5600
|
20000
|
45
|
592
|
|
number
of ions per bunch
|
8,64E+12
|
2,9484E+14
|
5,88E+14
|
2,50E+14
|
4,50E+10
|
4,14E+10
|
|
Luminosity,
cm-2*sec-1
|
9,36235E+32
|
1,08222E+34
|
1,00898E+35
|
1,03418E+34
|
1,24446E+27
|
1,02684E+27
|
|
energy
per nucleon, eV/nucleon
|
9,43679E+11
|
6,99144E+12
|
1,4E+13
|
5E+13
|
1,01304E+11
|
2,77976E+12
|
|
energy
per ions, eV/ions
|
9,43679E+11
|
6,99144E+12
|
1,4E+13
|
5E+13
|
1,98556E+13
|
5,75411E+14
|
|
energy
total centre of mass, eV
|
1,88736E+12
|
1,39829E+13
|
2,8E+13
|
1E+14
|
3,97112E+13
|
1,15082E+15
|
|
E
bunch, J
|
3,62E+04
|
1,17E+05
|
2,35E+05
|
1,00E+05
|
1,62E+01
|
3,11E+01
|
|
total
beam Energy, J
|
1,30E+06
|
3,30E+08
|
1,32E+09
|
2,00E+09
|
7,29E+02
|
1,84E+04
|
|
RF
frequency
|
2,53E+06
|
4,01E+07
|
4,01E+07
|
4,01E+07
|
4,69E+06
|
1,00E+07
|
|
Time
between collisions, sec
|
3,96E-07
|
2,50E-08
|
2,50E-08
|
2,50E-08
|
2,13E-07
|
9,98E-08
|
|
number
of ions per collisions sec-1
|
6,06061E+17
|
4,20842E+18
|
4,20842E+18
|
5,01002E+17
|
4,69484E+15
|
7,01403E+14
|
|
events
per crossing
|
6
|
25
|
90
|
9
|
25
|
25
|
|
events
per crossing)in señ
|
1,52E+07
|
1,00E+09
|
3,61E+09
|
3,61E+08
|
1,17E+08
|
2,51E+08
|
|
cross
section) cm2
|
8,41E-06
|
2,56E-06
|
5,48E-07
|
8,10E-08
|
2,25E-04
|
2,53E-06
|
|
bunch
length, cm
|
45
|
7,55
|
4
|
2,3
|
20
|
7,94
|
|
Ultrahigh vacuum,
torr
|
1,2E-09
|
1E-10
|
1E-10
|
1E-10
|
1E-10
|
1E-10
|
|
Physical-chemical
parametres
|
|
bunch
volume, cm3
|
0,00037845
|
0,000019328
|
2,1904E-06
|
1,863E-07
|
0,0045
|
2,00731E-05
|
|
ions
linear concentration, cm-1
|
5333333333
|
13907284768
|
26250000000
|
5434782609
|
50000000
|
8816120,907
|
|
ions
cross section concentration, cm-2
|
2,85375E+16
|
4,10156E+16
|
1,91746E+17
|
1,54321E+17
|
4,44444E+12
|
2,76888E+13
|
|
ions
beam density, sm-2*sec-1
|
4,90197E+22
|
1,29516E+24
|
1,20751E+25
|
1,03964E+25
|
1,56379E+19
|
1,84332E+20
|
|
volume
concentration, cm-3
|
6,34166E+14
|
5,43253E+15
|
4,79364E+16
|
6,70961E+16
|
2,22222E+11
|
3,48725E+12
|
|
mol
of ions per bunch
|
3,98536E-13
|
1,74359E-13
|
1,74359E-13
|
2,07571E-14
|
1,66057E-15
|
1,1624E-16
|
|
molar
concentration, mol/cm3
|
1,05307E-09
|
9,02108E-09
|
7,96016E-08
|
1,11417E-07
|
3,69015E-13
|
5,79081E-12
|
|
vacuum
system paricle volume concentration, 1/cm3
|
360000
|
30000
|
30000
|
30000
|
30000
|
30000
|
|
vacuum
system beam time between threefold collisions, sec
|
7,71605E+19
|
1,11111E+22
|
1,11111E+22
|
1,11111E+22
|
1,11111E+22
|
1,11111E+22
|
|
vacuum
system number of threefold collisions, sec-1
|
1,296E-20
|
9E-23
|
9E-23
|
9E-23
|
9E-23
|
9E-23
|
|
beam
vacuum, torr (CERN)
|
2,11E-02
|
1,81E-01
|
1,60E+00
|
2,24E+00
|
7,41E-06
|
1,16E-04
|
|
beam
vacuum, torr (Avoghadro)
|
1,79E-02
|
1,54E-01
|
1,36E+00
|
1,90E+00
|
6,29E-06
|
9,86E-05
|
|
beam
time between threefold collisions, sec
|
24,86534766
|
0,338840439
|
0,004351793
|
0,002221292
|
202500000
|
822305,9299
|
|
beam
number of threefold collisions, sec-1
|
0,04021661
|
2,951241602
|
229,7903235
|
450,1884165
|
4,93827E-09
|
1,21609E-06
|
From
the resulted physical and chemical parameters of accelerators it is possible
to draw a conclusion, that the progress is available.
Only,
figuratively speaking, progress in phys-chem is higher, than in phys-tech. And,
accordingly, there will be preconditions of development of single collisions
into subnuclear chemical processes and accumulation of "unusual"
substance. It is not a real fact. And, probably, it also cannot be a real fact
as the phenomena can occur and behind horizon of the "events" fixed
by detectors. But as a phenomenon, subnuclear chemistry is technologically
natural and inevitable.
Also
it is a problem ¹ 6.
As
it is possible to judge from publications, neither the physics of accelerators,
nor its detector component are adjusted on a problem of threefold collisions.
Not to chemistry, with physics to understand. At high luminosity of
accelerators there is a problem of decoding of signals of detectors in view of
plurality of interactions (multiple interactions). Detectors register the
traces of all collisions imposed against each other (effect of pile-up)/24/,
that considerably complicates their interpretation in comparison with single
collision.
New
Physics will generate New Chemistry as a by-product. And consequences of
subnuclear chemistry will differ from consequences of subnuclear physics. Only
because they will be separated not only by micro particles, but also by
certain quantity of free subnuclear substance. Reception of this substance is
facilitated also by LHC accelerator, because it is a little "dirty"
reactor. More precisely a little dusty reactor.
About
dust.
The
dust is the most widespread natural factor. The dust is ubiquitous. It exists
in space and in the most perfect vacuum device. Naturally, it is in vacuum
system of LHC accelerator. They struggle with dust, supervise dust, regulate
dust. ISO standards on pure rooms establish the maintenance of particles more
than 0.5 micron (1 micron = 10−4 cm)/25/.
The cigarette smoke, microbes, pollen and other sources of pollution have the
sizes about one micron in diameter, therefore the accepted level in 0.5
microns provides sterile cleanliness of the volume environment. From the
documentation on detector ALICE of LHC accelerator/26/ it
is possible to learn, that modules of this position are collected in a class
of cleanliness 1000 to prevent dust entering into cells. It means, that one
cubic meter of the assembly module contains less than 33500 particles with a
size of 0,5 micron. At a stage of installation of detectors, their final
preparation, everything is made to achieve maximum cleanliness. But whereas
detectors have difficult internal geometrical form, full removal of dust is
impossible. And even if we offer impossible – full removal of dust,
it will appear as result of bombardment of material of the detector
high-energy particles. Therefore, the dust in vacuum system of accelerators,
undoubtedly, exists! A question of its quantitative maintenance – is an open
question. And this dust will be not necessarily in regular intervals
distributed on volume of working zone. Considering that accelerated particles
have charge and system of their rigid magnetic focusing, there are
specifications for accumulation of dust particles in thickness of events –
in a zone of collisions or on a course of movement of the accelerated
particles. It is not necessary to neglect the effect of retractions,
inevitably arising at movement of any environment. The weight of one mote in
the sizes less than 1 micron (at usual density more than 1 g/cm3)
will make 1*10-13 g. And if we compare this size to weight of a
proton (1.67 *10-24 g) it is visible, that for a microcosm it is
macrosize.
To
the author will absolutely reasonably object, that:
-The
dust doesn’t present in collider
-Certainly,
any insignificant quantities of dust always are. And what?
Here
that.
As
it was mentioned, among physicists S. Hawking concept is accepted, that black
holes evaporate in due course through radiation (Hawking radiation). Large
holes evaporate slowly, small ones disappear instantly, for shares of seconds.
And, accordingly, they simply do not have time for involving in itself a
little essential volume of matter. Evaporating, they will leave after
themselves a certain radiation which can be found out by means of
supersensitive LHC equipment "/27//
“These
black holes, — Victor Savrin, the deputy director of scientific research
institute of nuclear physics of the Moscow State University, the coordinator
of participation of the Russian institutes in creation calms the public, —
if they are born, they will live very little. They will evaporate at once.
They will not reach even the wall of collider/28
/
Quite
probably, that mini - "black holes" will by all means evaporate for
so short period of time (10-17 sec) not having time to reach the
walls of collider. But, nevertheless, there is a reasonable relativistic
question – and what will be, if the wall itself, in the form of a mote,
reaches mini-"black hole" or other exotic object of a microcosm?
Also
it is a problem ¹
7.
Physics,
probably, discuss the possibility of bombardment in colliders of special
targets for initiation of operated thermonuclear reaction. And these
experiments which, probably, do not yet appear in scientific projects, can
deceive themselves.
And
the impossible phenomenon by theoretical calculations itself can find dust
sponsors.
We
can agree or disagree with this, but development of accelerating events has a
purposeful vector. Sooner or later this process will occur. And what happens
will not always correspond to mathematical models. In chemistry, an empirical
science, mathematical models represent very limited interest and, as a rule,
concern optimization of well studied processes. Chemists use empirically
established physical and chemical laws. And the overwhelming majority of
chemical researches are also directed on their reception.
And
physics of high energies is, basically, theoretical physics. And theoretical
physics is mathematics/29/.
The Physical and mathematical public is morally ready to accept any result of
experiments on LHC accelerator, up to the revision of Standard model/30/.
But these results can be even more pitiable. We’d like to be mistaken in it.
And we wouldn’t like to brake scientific researches of our
colleagues-physicists. But, as a rule, movement without brakes is
catastrophically. Experiments on LHC accelerator are positioned as an enormous
step to microcosm development. "LHC will be a BIG STEP for particle
physics, BIG STEP for accelerators (energy, luminosity), BIG STEP for
detectors, electronics, computing, sociology" / 31/.
Big step forward is usually a step to a precipice. This precipice has a name -
Energia Incognita. And at this precipice it is necessary to
brake.
Energia
Incognita.
On
the technical appointment LHC accelerator and similar devices are intended for
dispersal of ions till sublight speeds with their subsequent collision. With
unknown consequences.
And
consequences are always consequences of any laws. And we will try to follow
them up. Starting with the most general - matters (substances), it is possible
to reach a concrete proton.
“Matter
(Greek - substance) is the most general philosophic and scientific category.
Material objects always possess internal orderliness and the system
organization. Orderliness is shown in natural movement and interaction of
all elements of matter thanks to which they are united in systems. System is
an internally ordered set of the interconnected elements. Communication
between elements in the system is stronger and internally more necessary, than
communication of each element with the environment and other elements of
different systems. The human knowledge of the structural organization of
matter is changeable; it depends on constantly extending possibilities of
experiment, supervision and scientific theories. But it concretizes and
completes philosophical understanding of matter as objective reality.
Following types of material systems and structural levels of matter are known
to modern science:
·
Elementary
particles and fields (electromagnetic, gravitational and others);
·
Atoms, molecules,
·
Macroscopically
bodies of various sizes, geological systems, the Earth and other planets,
stars, intergalactic systems (star congestion and others), the Galaxy, systems
of galaxies, the Metagalaxy, borders of which are not yet established. Modern
borders of knowledge of structure M are stretched from 10-14 cm to
1028 cm (about 13 billion of light years); but also in this range
there can be a set of still unknown kinds of matter ".
I
do not think, that this endurance from the Big Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) will
cause any basic objections.
Now
from matter we will pass to energy.
Energy
(from enérgeia
— action, activity) is the general quantitative measure of movement and
interaction of all kinds of matter. Energy does not arise from anything in the
nature and does not disappear; it can only pass from one form into another.
The concept of energy connects together all natural phenomena. (BSE).
The
great law of conservation of energy says that energy does not disappear and
does not appear, only passes from one form into another. Let us add that
energy is a derivative of matters. There is no pure energy, it always has a
material carrier. Matter as general category, has such essential component as
connection between elements of concrete material system. When these
connections change – energy is also shown.
Concept
of energy is very extensive/32/.
Let us stop on the standard scheme of system distribution of energy.
There
are many kinds of energy - warmth, light, mechanical, chemical, nuclear energy
etc. Probably, there are also others, still unknown to science. However there
are only two basic types of energy/33/:
·
Kinetic which the moving body possesses,
·
Potential, got by a body as a result of change by it or its components
of position in space.
Full
energy of
system is the sum of external and internal energy of physical bodies (system).
External
energy
consists from kinetic and potential energy of bodies as a whole.
Internal
energy is the
energy of system depending only from its inwardness. Internal energy of a body
develops of kinetic energy of molecules of a body and their structural units (atoms,
electron, kernels), energy of interaction of atoms in molecules etc. Internal
energy does not include kinetic energy (energy of movement) of bodies as a
whole, also potential energy which the body in any force field (gravitational,
magnetic, etc.) can possess. But the fundamental law of the nature – the law
of conservation of energy according to which the quantity of energy in the
closed system is constant is thus observed, it only passes from one form into
another.
At
each structural level of matter energy is presented by kinetic and potential
component. At molecular-nuclear level kinetic energy is spatial movement of
atoms, ions and molecules (in the form of fluctuations, rotation, moving), and
potential energy is a consequence of structural interrelation of atoms and
molecules. Rupture and occurrence of connections in atoms and molecules is
always accompanied by changes of internal (potential) energy.
During
chemical reactions there is a rupture of connections in initial substances and
formation of new connections in reaction products. As energy of connections of
initial substances and reaction products differ, chemical reactions are
always accompanied by power effects. In chemical reactions energy is
allocated and absorbed, as a rule, in the form of warmth, what causes thermal
effect of reaction. The thermal effect of chemical reaction is the quantity of
warmth allocated or absorbed by chemical system at course in it of chemical
reaction. Its size corresponds to a difference between energy communications
of initial substances and reaction products (Guess’s law). The reactions
proceeding with allocation of warmth are exothermic, the reactions going with
absorption of warmth from environment are endothermic.
Studying
of changes of energy accompanying chemical reactions, — is a problem of
thermochemistry or to be more exact, chemical thermodynamics. The basic
experimental method of studying of thermal effects including thermal effects
of chemical reactions is calorimetry.
Change
of enthalpy - delta H is one of the major physical and chemical size.
For
chemical reactions, which proceed without essential change of volume (in a
firm and liquid phase) thermal effect Q is equal to change of enthalpy with a
return sign (-delta H), and this size is practically equal to change of
internal energy delta U.
Absolute
value of internal energy of material formations is essentially
impossible to establish whereas each material body is a difficult
system, having internal subsystems with certain structure and components.
Internal energy which is shown at each structural level of matter, it is
energy of connections of changing structure. And as deeper the researchers of
matter get into its structure, the stronger become the connections there, and
more specific energy is necessary to spend for rupture of structural
connections of this level. There are no proofs that the matter has a limit of
the structural organization in the form of some truly elementary particle. As
one philosopher in the beginning of 20 centuries said, at the height of crisis
physics, electron is inexhaustible, as well as atom is. It is possible to
believe, that the matter is structurally infinite, because there no proofs of
its structural finiteness even now. And there are certain limits of changes of
internal energy on every level.
Proton
as the basic object of experiments on LHC accelerator is a material system
possessing unique features of the internal structure (organization). The
proton possesses the strongest internal connections, it is one of the
steadiest of known material formations. There are no proofs of that the proton
structure can be somehow destroyed (annihilation of a proton and an antiproton
is a separate question). LHC accelerator is actually created for one of the
most important problem - destruction of intra-proton structure.
In
chemical processes, unlike the physical phenomena, the power balance is not
settled by external kinetic energy of initial components. The essential power
contribution brings power balance (internal energy) of chemicall process.
Einstein's
formula E=mc2, as it is considered to be, expresses the fundamental
law of the nature, the law of interrelation of weight and energy. But,
nevertheless, this formula is not mathematical expression of the general law
of conservation of energy saying, that energy does not disappear and does not
appear, only passes from one form into another. The science does not know yet
all forms of matter and corresponding forms of internal energy and
consequently cannot establish the general law for them. This formula
establishes kinetic limit of energy, which physical body having weight of rest
can possess. Proceeding from a postulate, that no such object possesses speed
higher than velocity of light (photons). This formula does not establish any
limit for internal (potential) energy which possesses any material object as
it is potentially infinite difficult hierarchical system. Such universal
formula, probably, simply does not exist!
In
the course of matter change (in chemical process) there are corresponding
interrelations of structural elements at which change there are changes of
internal (potential) energy. And thus, changes in matter structure are always
accompanied by change of internal energy.
There
are no established limits for internal energy of matter.
And
for subnuclear and vacuum level of matter limits of change of internal energy
are not established. Therefore the assumption of that in subnuclear reactions
interrelation of energy and the weight will be observed, established by
Einstein's formula, there is a physical illusion. This formula is fair only
until there is a weight of rest of a proton. Nobody knows to what the weight
of rest of the late proton is equal! In the relativity theory Newton’s
classical mechanics is a special case for low speeds. Everything is
comparative. Probably, time has come even for the relativity theory to become
a special case of more fundamental levels of matter.
The
researchers armed with accelerators of high energies apply a trope of the
unknown earth - "Terra Incognita" (Brookhaven forum 2008 "Terra
Incognita: from LHC to cosmology") a little bit unsuccessfully. The image
of Power Ocean with name Energia Incognita (Unknown energy) is more pertinent
here. This strongly connected subnuclear energy, probably once can be used.
But only once. It is essentially impossible to operate this mega-energy.
Because all usual substance consisting of protons and neutrons will be fuel.
To beat off a slice or to take a tea spoon will be not possible any more.
Also
it is a
problem ¹ 8.
Coming
back to physical chemistry, we will mention that there are kinetic theories of
impacts and the transitive condition in it, that describe gas reactions in
time. A physical picture of collisions of particles in colliders and molecules
of gases essentially differ in nothing, except for specific energy reagents.
There is also very close by a principle of shock interaction method of
studying of chemical reactions - a method of molecular bunches. And that is
why physical and chemical laws for reactions in gas phase are applicable also
to subnuclear reactions. Proceeding from the general physical and chemical
representations, collisions of initial particles-molecules can carry both
elastic and not elastic character. In the latter case there is actually
chemical reaction to formation of new chemical products. Chemical processes,
as a rule, do not go directly, and demand initial expenses of energy, -
Activation Energy Ea. Energy of activation is minimum energy, which
should be given to molecules (particles) of reacting substances to transform
them into active ones. Energy of activation is often defined as a potential
barrier, which needs to be overcome by initial substances, that there was a
chemical reaction. The size of energy of activation decreases for catalyst
reactions. The catalyst is a substance, which reduces energy of activation of
reaction, and itself is not spent in reaction.
Colliders,
by the physical and chemical principle of action are intended to break the
potential barrier interfering course of subnuclear reactions. There is a
possibility to break a potential barrier in height 7 TeV/nucleon with the
start of LHC accelerator. And the "immortal" proton, probably, will
be razed to the ground with rupture of all internal connections and
corresponding power effects. And finally energy of activation (or energy of
deconfinement) will be exceeded. But deconfinement as subnuclear reaction, has
the right to go on any reactionary way, and it is not obligatory on a
disintegration way. It can go on a way of polyconfinement, as subnuclear
synthesis. Or other possible chemical reaction. The prison cell for three
inseparable quarks can vastly extend. And quark bag, in a reactionary result,
can appear bottomless.
What
change of internal energy (enthalpy) will accompany the subnuclear reactions,
what specific power is expected at subnuclear chemistry? This is still modest
physical-mathematical silence. But the method of extrapolation so popular in
micro- end cosmophysics can give a rough estimate. But at first we will look
at dynamics of change of internal energy for discrete levels of the structural
organization of matter.
The
first level
of matter organization - the simple physical bodies, possessing internal (potential)
energy of position. It is easy to calculate, that change of internal potential
energy of a body in weight at change of its position concerning a terrestrial
surface on 10 m (a forcible choice) will make Å =
mgh = 10kg*981 m/sec2*10m = 981kg*m2/sec2 = 981J/10kg.
The
second level
of matter organization - chemical substances. Change of internal energy, as
power effect of reaction:
·
Combustion isooctane (the standard for definition of gasoline numbers). The
molecular weight (M. Â)
is 114 nuclear units, the general molecular weight (M.) + 9Í2Î
is equal in reaction of combustion Ñ8Í18+12.5
Î2=8ÑÎ2
514 nucleons, warmth of combustion makes 5464,99 ÊJ/moll,
or 47938.5 KJ/1 kg
·
Hydrogen combustion. M. Â
= 2, the general M. In reaction of combustion Í2+0.5Î2=Í2Î
is equal 18 nucleons, warmth of combustion 143060 ÊJ/1kg
hydrogen
·
Decomposition (explosion) trinitrotoluene (TNT). Standard warmth of explosion
of TNT makes 4190 KJ/kg.
The
third level
- nuclear matter.
·
At reaction of nuclear division U-235 it is released 215 ÌeV
on 235 nucleons.
·
At reaction of thermonuclear synthesis with participation of heavy isotopes of
hydrogen it is liberated 17.6 MeV on 5 nucleons.
Change
of internal energy is led to specific value Ep/nucleon
and the logarithm of this size is used for approximate constructions.
The obtained data are resulted in table 3 and in drawing 2.
Table
3
Specific
power effect on levels of the organization of matter.
|
Organization level
|
Matter (substance)
|
KJ/kg (j/g)
|
eV/g
|
Ep/nucleon, eV/nucleon
|
ln (Ep/nucleon)
|
Trotyl equivalent
|
|
Psyche
(0)
|
Thought
|
6,98E-09
|
4,36E+10
|
7,30E-14
|
-30,249
|
1,67E-12
|
|
Mechanical (1)
|
Physical body
|
0,0981
|
6,1313E+17
|
1,02515E-06
|
-13,7906765
|
2,34E-05
|
|
Chemical (2)
|
isooctane
|
47938,5
|
2,9962E+23
|
1,11E-01
|
-2,19725918
|
1
|
|
Hydrogen
|
143060
|
8,9413E+23
|
1,66E-01
|
-1,79511376
|
3,79E+00
|
|
TNT
|
4190
|
2,6188E+22
|
4,38E-02
|
-3,12845257
|
1
|
|
Nuclear (3)
|
U-235
|
8,75E+10
|
1,29E+32
|
9,15E+05
|
13,7265631
|
2,09E+07
|
|
H2+H3
|
3,37E+11
|
1,05E+31
|
3,52E+06
|
15,0739715
|
8,04E+07
|
|
Subnuclear (4)
|
QGP?
|
1,42E+17
|
8,85E+35
|
1,48E+12
|
28,023
|
3,3799E+13
|
|
Vacuum (5)
|
Vacuum
|
3,01E+23
|
1,88E+42
|
3,14E+18
|
42,591
|
7,17E+19
|
As
we see, the power effect of subnuclear reactions makes nearby 1,48E+12 eV/nucleon.
It on 13 levels exceeds a TNT equivalent. And on 7 levels more than power
effect of nuclear and thermonuclear reactions, and, we will add, annihilation
energy. Readers, probably, familiar with Dan Brown's novel "Angel and
demons" which plot is constructed on abduction from CERN anti-matter. On
web-site of CERN there is a corresponding scientific comment which confirms,
that at annihilation 1g matter (according to Einstein's formula) the energy
equivalent to energy of 20 kiloton nuclear bombs, dumped to Hiroshima will be
allocated. In case of subnuclear reactions the prospective power effect will
make already 40 megatons on 1g, it is about the capacity of the biggest
thermonuclear bombs (Tsar-bomb), blown up by the person.
Certainly,
these data, are also approximate . They can be challenged. But, as a
rule, the size of thermal effect of reaction has one order with energy of
activation of reaction. And the size of energy of activation of subnuclear
reaction (or in physical and mathematical interpretation deconfinement energy)
is approximately already defined - 1E+11 an eV/nucleon. At such specific
energy of collisions of ions of gold in collider RHIC reception QGP is fixed/34/.
Physical and mathematical calculations give size of density of energy at
deconfinement with reception of QGP an order 3 GeV/fm3/35/.
The
actual power effect of subnuclear reaction can differ from value that
mathematical calculations give. But an order of this size – level Big Bang.
But even tiny mini-Big Bang in our material world, the world of the
concentrated substance can cause subnuclear chain process. And after all the
Big explosion as physicists assume, has occurred into the non-material
environment. And it has generated our material world.
Processes
with high power allocation - burning, nuclear and thermonuclear explosions are
chain processes. And all known chain processes are exothermic reactions.
And founders of nuclear and thermonuclear weapon understood the theory of
chain reactions. And there can not be any quark bombs for some reason in
subnuclear physics.
As
M.Fejgelman the deputy director of Institute of theoretical physics of Landau
confirms/36/:
"Such
scientific paradox: the proton consists of three quarks,
but it is absolutely impossible to allocate them separately. Nature laws do
not allow. That is why any quark bombs cannot exist".
Everything
is an explosive! The problem is an available detonator.
We
still badly know nature laws, and especially subnuclear nature. But we can say
that there is no such law of the nature which would forbid different chain
processes. Even in social matter to which it is possible to carry mankind,
there are chain processes. As we know, there are mass psychoses and other
similar phenomena. They also present in the scientific environment. In
experiments on accelerators of high energy chain subnuclear process is
possible. And in this process can be involved as usual terrestrial
substance, and for unusual for us, vacuum.
Also
it is a
problem ¹ 9.
Preliminary
data on a QGP have shown, that it represents the most ideal liquid (Ideal
liquid) from all known to us/37/.
And the ideal liquid is an ideal solvent or universal solvent . And our
terrestrial matter can be only nutrient medium QGP.
In
physics of a microcosm except elementary particles there is one more actor of
the second plan – vacuum. From vacuum during the necessary moment after
collision of elementary particles missing quarks are materialized. As it is
explained popularly by physicist I.Ivanov:
"If
there is not enough quarks in initial hodrone for this purpose, quantum
fluctuations will generate so much quark-antiquark pairs, how many it is
necessary"/38/.
And
what we precisely know about vacuum, as a physical substance? Very little. The
absolute vacuum has also absolute temperature Ò
=-273,16°Ñ (an absolute temperature limit),
together with heat conductivity equal or close to the zero. The vacuum is the
most inert environment from all known to science. It is everything, what is
known. But under the extreme power conditions created in accelerators,
probably, vacuum as the most inert essence, can lose its inertness. And
streams of hadrons, observed at collisions of colliders, probably, are the
first cracks in vacuum. Infinitely small, increased on infinitely big, can be
equal to everything.
Any
huge infinity closed by forces of internal interrelation, is imperceptible and
insignificant. It is as though it is not present. And in its mathematical
models it is possible to increase by a zero safely. Probably and the microcosm,
vacuum is such infinity, and all accessible to our knowledge is only waves and
foam on its surface. There are vacuum theories according to which it is true
and possesses zero energy. There are theories of false metastable vacuum (it
is in extremely long-living raised condition with positive energy). Also there
is a hypothetical mechanism of quantum tunneling which does possible
spontaneous transformation of false vacuum in true in tiny area of space. The
born vial of true vacuum begins to extend ingenerating itself a matter with
absolutely new physical properties and completely destroying our world/39/.
Apparently from the above-stated data extrapolation of specific potential
energy to vacuum structure gives size approximately 3,14E+18eV/nucleon (as a
reference point for destruction of a matter even more deeply). However
theories with global consequences, probably, should be checked, as one of them
can appear true. But, nevertheless, physicists by means of super-power lasers
HERCULES/40/,
ELI/41/,
continue to make experiments on "oiling the vacuum" and to other
extreme conditions of matter. There is also Z-Machine/42/,
T - and V-factories, ultracold neutrons, exotic atoms and many other things.
"Probability
of dangerous physical experiment grows eventually as more and more lihgt
energy installations are put into operation and new ways of achievement of
high energy, and also their applications to objects to which they usually are
not applied in the nature. A variety of possible physical experiments which
can lead to global accident"/43/,
grows.
Probably,
the rights and old Chinese wisdom asserting, that "one thought can break
laws of gods. In a word it is possible to destroy the Sky and Earth consent.
One act can draw a trouble upon descendants. Here what it is necessary to
remember especially well“.
As
we see, extrapolation of specific potential energy on zero level, level of
energy of thought, gives though a rather small, but completely not zero value.
But it is too thin matter…
Own
safety of LHC.
There
is own machine protection (LHC Machine Protection)/44/
in LHC accelerator intended for prevention of uncontrollable liberation of the
energy reserved in separate knots of this installation.
The
energy reserved in LHC magnets (Energy stored in magnet system), is about 10
GJ. It is reserved about 362 MJ in one bunch of ultrarelativistic protons;
recycling of this energy (Energy stored in one beam) occurs on a special
composite target (The LHC Beam Dumps) during emergency operation (Abort gap)
approximately for 3 micro seconds (10-6 sec). The system of magnets
provides development of this bunch into the form of a spiral with a circle of
120 cm and width about 1.6 mm /45/.
It
is the usual machine protection concerning maintenance of safe functioning of
such difficult and power-intensive technical device as accelerator LHC. And it
does not differ from system of technical safety of chemical centre or nuclear
station. And as to typical technical and power safety it should not cause
questions. Physicists use the equipment carefully, especially such unique.
There is another problem - in absence of subnuclear LHC safety.
LHC
accelerator is intended only for artificial creation of "events" of
a microcosm. The process of studying them by decoding of "black boxes"
- post-mortem analysis by physicists collaborations a long period of time -
months and years. And everything is transient in a microcosm. But not always.
There are facts that what should be lost instantly, was lost after time/46/
(theory).
